Class: Array

Relationships & Source Files
Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance
Instance Chain: self, `::Enumerable`
Inherits:	Object
Defined in:	array.c, array.rb, pack.rb

Overview

An Array is an ordered, integer-indexed collection of objects, called elements. Any object (even another array) may be an array element, and an array can contain objects of different types.

`Array` Indexes

Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java.

A positive index is an offset from the first element:

Index 0 indicates the first element.
Index 1 indicates the second element.
…

A negative index is an offset, backwards, from the end of the array:

Index -1 indicates the last element.
Index -2 indicates the next-to-last element.
…

A non-negative index is in range if and only if it is smaller than the size of the array. For a 3-element array:

Indexes 0 through 2 are in range.
Index 3 is out of range.

A negative index is in range if and only if its absolute value is not larger than the size of the array. For a 3-element array:

Indexes -1 through -3 are in range.
Index -4 is out of range.

Although the effective index into an array is always an integer, some methods (both within and outside of class Array) accept one or more non-integer arguments that are integer-convertible objects.

Creating Arrays

You can create an Array object explicitly with:

An array literal:
```
[1, 'one', :one, [2, 'two', :two]]
```

A %w or %W: string-array Literal:

%w[foo bar baz] # => ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
%w[1 % *]       # => ["1", "%", "*"]

A %i pr %I: symbol-array Literal:

%i[foo bar baz] # => [:foo, :bar, :baz]
%i[1 % *]       # => [:"1", :%, :*]

Method Kernel.Array:

Array(["a", "b"])             # => ["a", "b"]
Array(1..5)                   # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Array(key: :value)            # => [[:key, :value]]
Array(nil)                    # => []
Array(1)                      # => [1]
Array({:a => "a", :b => "b"}) # => [[:a, "a"], [:b, "b"]]

Method .new:
```
Array.new               # => []
Array.new(3)            # => [nil, nil, nil]
Array.new(4) {Hash.new} # => [{}, {}, {}, {}]
Array.new(3, true)      # => [true, true, true]
```
Note that the last example above populates the array with references to the same object. This is recommended only in cases where that object is a natively immutable object such as a symbol, a numeric, nil, true, or false.

Another way to create an array with various objects, using a block; this usage is safe for mutable objects such as hashes, strings or other arrays:
```
Array.new(4) {|i| i.to_s } # => ["0", "1", "2", "3"]
```
Here is a way to create a multi-dimensional array:
```
Array.new(3) {Array.new(3)}
# => [[nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil], [nil, nil, nil]]
```

A number of Ruby methods, both in the core and in the standard library, provide instance method #to_a, which converts an object to an array.

ARGF#to_a
#to_a
Enumerable#to_a
Hash#to_a
MatchData#to_a
NilClass#to_a
OptionParser#to_a
Range#to_a
Set#to_a
Struct#to_a
Time#to_a
Benchmark::Tms#to_a
CSV::Table#to_a
Enumerator::Lazy#to_a
Gem::List#to_a
Gem::NameTuple#to_a
Gem::Platform#to_a
Gem::RequestSet::Lockfile::Tokenizer#to_a
Gem::SourceList#to_a
OpenSSL::X509::Extension#to_a
OpenSSL::X509::Name#to_a
Racc::ISet#to_a
Rinda::RingFinger#to_a
Ripper::Lexer::Elem#to_a
RubyVM::InstructionSequence#to_a
YAML::DBM#to_a

Example Usage

In addition to the methods it mixes in through the ::Enumerable module, the Array class has proprietary methods for accessing, searching and otherwise manipulating arrays.

Some of the more common ones are illustrated below.

Accessing Elements

Elements in an array can be retrieved using the #[] method. It can take a single integer argument (a numeric index), a pair of arguments (start and length) or a range. Negative indices start counting from the end, with -1 being the last element.

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr[2]    #=> 3
arr[100]  #=> nil
arr[-3]   #=> 4
arr[2, 3] #=> [3, 4, 5]
arr[1..4] #=> [2, 3, 4, 5]
arr[1..-3] #=> [2, 3, 4]

Another way to access a particular array element is by using the #at method

arr.at(0) #=> 1

The #slice method works in an identical manner to #[].

To raise an error for indices outside of the array bounds or else to provide a default value when that happens, you can use #fetch.

arr = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
arr.fetch(100) #=> IndexError: index 100 outside of array bounds: -6...6
arr.fetch(100, "oops") #=> "oops"

The special methods #first and #last will return the first and last elements of an array, respectively.

arr.first #=> 1
arr.last  #=> 6

To return the first n elements of an array, use #take

arr.take(3) #=> [1, 2, 3]

#drop does the opposite of #take, by returning the elements after n elements have been dropped:

arr.drop(3) #=> [4, 5, 6]

Obtaining Information about an `Array`

Arrays keep track of their own length at all times. To query an array about the number of elements it contains, use #length, #count or #size.

browsers = ['Chrome', 'Firefox', 'Safari', 'Opera', 'IE']
browsers.length #=> 5
browsers.count #=> 5

To check whether an array contains any elements at all

browsers.empty? #=> false

To check whether a particular item is included in the array

browsers.include?('Konqueror') #=> false

Adding Items to Arrays

Items can be added to the end of an array by using either #push or #<<

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
arr.push(5) #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr << 6    #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

#unshift will add a new item to the beginning of an array.

arr.unshift(0) #=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

With #insert you can add a new element to an array at any position.

arr.insert(3, 'apple')  #=> [0, 1, 2, 'apple', 3, 4, 5, 6]

Using the #insert method, you can also insert multiple values at once:

arr.insert(3, 'orange', 'pear', 'grapefruit')
#=> [0, 1, 2, "orange", "pear", "grapefruit", "apple", 3, 4, 5, 6]

Removing Items from an `Array`

The method #pop removes the last element in an array and returns it:

arr =  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.pop #=> 6
arr #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

To retrieve and at the same time remove the first item, use #shift:

arr.shift #=> 1
arr #=> [2, 3, 4, 5]

To delete an element at a particular index:

arr.delete_at(2) #=> 4
arr #=> [2, 3, 5]

To delete a particular element anywhere in an array, use #delete:

arr = [1, 2, 2, 3]
arr.delete(2) #=> 2
arr #=> [1,3]

A useful method if you need to remove nil values from an array is #compact:

arr = ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, 'baz', nil]
arr.compact  #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7, 'baz']
arr          #=> ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, 'baz', nil]
arr.compact! #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7, 'baz']
arr          #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7, 'baz']

Another common need is to remove duplicate elements from an array.

It has the non-destructive #uniq, and destructive method #uniq!

arr = [2, 5, 6, 556, 6, 6, 8, 9, 0, 123, 556]
arr.uniq #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]

Iterating over Arrays

Like all classes that include the ::Enumerable module, Array has an each method, which defines what elements should be iterated over and how. In case of Array’s #each, all elements in the Array instance are yielded to the supplied block in sequence.

Note that this operation leaves the array unchanged.

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr.each {|a| print a -= 10, " "}
# prints: -9 -8 -7 -6 -5
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Another sometimes useful iterator is #reverse_each which will iterate over the elements in the array in reverse order.

words = %w[first second third fourth fifth sixth]
str = ""
words.reverse_each {|word| str += "#{word} "}
p str #=> "sixth fifth fourth third second first "

The #map method can be used to create a new array based on the original array, but with the values modified by the supplied block:

arr.map {|a| 2*a}     #=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
arr                   #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
arr.map! {|a| a**2}   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
arr                   #=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Selecting Items from an `Array`

Elements can be selected from an array according to criteria defined in a block. The selection can happen in a destructive or a non-destructive manner. While the destructive operations will modify the array they were called on, the non-destructive methods usually return a new array with the selected elements, but leave the original array unchanged.

Non-destructive Selection

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.select {|a| a > 3}       #=> [4, 5, 6]
arr.reject {|a| a < 3}       #=> [3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.drop_while {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
arr                          #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Destructive Selection

#select! and #reject! are the corresponding destructive methods to #select and #reject

Similar to #select vs. #reject, #delete_if and #keep_if have the exact opposite result when supplied with the same block:

arr.delete_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [4, 5, 6]
arr                         #=> [4, 5, 6]

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr.keep_if {|a| a < 4}   #=> [1, 2, 3]
arr                       #=> [1, 2, 3]

What’s Here

First, what’s elsewhere. Class Array:

Inherits from class Object.
Includes module Enumerable, which provides dozens of additional methods.

Here, class Array provides methods that are useful for:

{Array@Methods+for+Creating+an+Array Creating an }
Querying
Comparing
Fetching
Assigning
Deleting
Combining
Iterating
Converting
And more.…

Methods for Creating an `Array`

.[]: Returns a new array populated with given objects.
.new: Returns a new array.
.try_convert: Returns a new array created from a given object.

Methods for Querying

#length, #size: Returns the count of elements.
#include?: Returns whether any element #== a given object.
#empty?: Returns whether there are no elements.
#all?: Returns whether all elements meet a given criterion.
#any?: Returns whether any element meets a given criterion.
#none?: Returns whether no element #== a given object.
#one?: Returns whether exactly one element #== a given object.
#count: Returns the count of elements that meet a given criterion.
#find_index, #index: Returns the index of the first element that meets a given criterion.
#rindex: Returns the index of the last element that meets a given criterion.
#hash: Returns the integer hash code.

Methods for Comparing

#<=>: Returns -1, 0, or 1 * as self is less than, equal to, or greater than a given object.
#==: Returns whether each element in self is #== to the corresponding element in a given object.
#eql?: Returns whether each element in self is #eql? to the corresponding element in a given object.

Methods for Fetching

These methods do not modify self.

#[]: Returns one or more elements.
#fetch: Returns the element at a given offset.
#first: Returns one or more leading elements.
#last: Returns one or more trailing elements.
#max: Returns one or more maximum-valued elements, as determined by #<=> or a given block.
#min: Returns one or more minimum-valued elements, as determined by #<=> or a given block.
#minmax: Returns the minimum-valued and maximum-valued elements, as determined by #<=> or a given block.
#assoc: Returns the first element that is an array whose first element #== a given object.
#rassoc: Returns the first element that is an array whose second element #== a given object.
#at: Returns the element at a given offset.
#values_at: Returns the elements at given offsets.
#dig: Returns the object in nested objects that is specified by a given index and additional arguments.
#drop: Returns trailing elements as determined by a given index.
#take: Returns leading elements as determined by a given index.
#drop_while: Returns trailing elements as determined by a given block.
#take_while: Returns leading elements as determined by a given block.
#slice: Returns consecutive elements as determined by a given argument.
#sort: Returns all elements in an order determined by #<=> or a given block.
#reverse: Returns all elements in reverse order.
#compact: Returns an array containing all non-nil elements.
#select, #filter: Returns an array containing elements selected by a given block.
#uniq: Returns an array containing non-duplicate elements.
#rotate: Returns all elements with some rotated from one end to the other.
#bsearch: Returns an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.
#bsearch_index: Returns the index of an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.
#sample: Returns one or more random elements.
#shuffle: Returns elements in a random order.

Methods for Assigning

These methods add, replace, or reorder elements in self.

#[]=: Assigns specified elements with a given object.
#push, #append, #<<: Appends trailing elements.
#unshift, #prepend: Prepends leading elements.
#insert: Inserts given objects at a given offset; does not replace elements.
#concat: Appends all elements from given arrays.
#fill: Replaces specified elements with specified objects.
#replace: Replaces the content of self with the content of a given array.
#reverse!: Replaces self with its elements reversed.
#rotate!: Replaces self with its elements rotated.
#shuffle!: Replaces self with its elements in random order.
#sort!: Replaces self with its elements sorted, as determined by #<=> or a given block.
#sort_by!: Replaces self with its elements sorted, as determined by a given block.

Methods for Deleting

Each of these methods removes elements from self:

#pop: Removes and returns the last element.
#shift: Removes and returns the first element.
#compact!: Removes all nil elements.
#delete: Removes elements equal to a given object.
#delete_at: Removes the element at a given offset.
#delete_if: Removes elements specified by a given block.
#keep_if: Removes elements not specified by a given block.
#reject!: Removes elements specified by a given block.
#select!, #filter!: Removes elements not specified by a given block.
#slice!: Removes and returns a sequence of elements.
#uniq!: Removes duplicates.

Methods for Combining

#&: Returns an array containing elements found both in self and a given array.
#intersection: Returns an array containing elements found both in self and in each given array.
#+: Returns an array containing all elements of self followed by all elements of a given array.
#-: Returns an array containing all elements of self that are not found in a given array.
#|: Returns an array containing all elements of self and all elements of a given array, duplicates removed.
#union: Returns an array containing all elements of self and all elements of given arrays, duplicates removed.
#difference: Returns an array containing all elements of self that are not found in any of the given arrays..
#product: Returns or yields all combinations of elements from self and given arrays.

Methods for Iterating

#each: Passes each element to a given block.
#reverse_each: Passes each element, in reverse order, to a given block.
#each_index: Passes each element index to a given block.
#cycle: Calls a given block with each element, then does so again, for a specified number of times, or forever.
#combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of self; a combination does not use the same element more than once.
#permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of self; a permutation does not use the same element more than once.
#repeated_combination: Calls a given block with combinations of elements of self; a combination may use the same element more than once.
#repeated_permutation: Calls a given block with permutations of elements of self; a permutation may use the same element more than once.

Methods for Converting

#map, #collect: Returns an array containing the block return-value for each element.
#map!, #collect!: Replaces each element with a block return-value.
#flatten: Returns an array that is a recursive flattening of self.
#flatten!: Replaces each nested array in self with the elements from that array.
#inspect, #to_s: Returns a new ::String containing the elements.
#join: Returns a newsString containing the elements joined by the field separator.
#to_a: Returns self or a new array containing all elements.
#to_ary: Returns self.
#to_h: Returns a new hash formed from the elements.
#transpose: Transposes self, which must be an array of arrays.
#zip: Returns a new array of arrays containing self and given arrays; follow the link for details.

Other Methods

#*: Returns one of the following:
- With integer argument n, a new array that is the concatenation of n copies of self.
- With string argument field_separator, a new string that is equivalent to join(field_separator).
#abbrev: Returns a hash of unambiguous abbreviations for elements.
#pack: Packs the elements into a binary sequence.
#sum: Returns a sum of elements according to either + or a given block.

Class Method Summary

.[](*args)

Returns a new array populated with the given objects.
.try_convert(object) ⇒ Object, ...

If object is an Array object, returns object.
.new(*args) constructor Internal use only

Instance Attribute Summary

#empty? ⇒ Boolean readonly

Returns true if the count of elements in self is zero, false otherwise.

Instance Method Summary

#&(other_array) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing each element found in both array and Array other_array; duplicates are omitted; items are compared using #eql? (items must also implement #hash correctly):
#*(n) ⇒ Array

When non-negative argument ::Integer n is given, returns a new Array built by concatenating the n copies of self:
#+(other_array) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing all elements of array followed by all elements of other_array:
#-(other_array) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing only those elements from array that are not found in Array other_array; items are compared using #eql?; the order from array is preserved:
#<<(object) ⇒ self

Appends object to self; returns self:
#<=>(other_array) ⇒ 1, 0

Returns -1, 0, or 1 as self is less than, equal to, or greater than other_array.
#==(other_array) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if both array.size == other_array.size and for each index i in array, array[i] == other_array[i]:
#[](index) ⇒ Object^? (also: #slice)

Returns elements from self; does not modify self.
#[]=(index, object) ⇒ Object

Assigns elements in self; returns the given object.
#all? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if all elements of self meet a given criterion.
#any? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if any element of self meets a given criterion.
#append(*objects) ⇒ self

Alias for #push.
#assoc(obj) ⇒ Array^?

Returns the first element in self that is an Array whose first element #== obj:
#at(index) ⇒ Object

Returns the element at ::Integer offset #index; does not modify self.
#bsearch {|element| ... } ⇒ Object

Returns an element from self selected by a binary search.
#bsearch_index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^?

Searches self as described at method #bsearch, but returns the index of the found element instead of the element itself.
#clear ⇒ self

Removes all elements from self:
#map {|element| ... } ⇒ Array

Alias for #map.
#map! {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Alias for #map!.
#combination(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Calls the block, if given, with combinations of elements of self; returns self.
#compact ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing all non-nil elements from self:
#compact! ⇒ self^?

Removes all nil elements from self.
#concat(*other_arrays) ⇒ self

Adds to array all elements from each Array in other_arrays; returns self:
#count ⇒ Integer

Returns a count of specified elements.
#cycle {|element| ... } ⇒ nil

When called with positive ::Integer argument #count and a block, calls the block with each element, then does so again, until it has done so #count times; returns nil:
#delete(obj) ⇒ deleted_object

Removes zero or more elements from self.
#delete_at(index) ⇒ deleted_object^?

Deletes an element from self, per the given ::Integer #index.
#delete_if {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Removes each element in self for which the block returns a truthy value; returns self:
#difference(*other_arrays) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing only those elements from self that are not found in any of the Arrays other_arrays; items are compared using #eql?; order from self is preserved:
#dig(index, *identifiers) ⇒ Object

Finds and returns the object in nested objects that is specified by #index and identifiers.
#drop(n) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing all but the first n element of self, where n is a non-negative Integer; does not modify self.
#drop_while {|element| ... } ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing zero or more trailing elements of self; does not modify self.
#each {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Iterates over array elements.
#each_index {|index| ... } ⇒ self

Iterates over array indexes.
#eql?(other_array) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if self and other_array are the same size, and if, for each index i in self, self[i].eql?(other_array[i]):
#fetch(index) ⇒ element

Returns the element at offset #index.
#fill(obj) ⇒ self

Replaces specified elements in self with specified objects; returns self.
#select {|element| ... } ⇒ Array (also: #select)

Calls the block, if given, with each element of self; returns a new Array containing those elements of self for which the block returns a truthy value:
#select! {|element| ... } ⇒ self^? (also: #select!)

Calls the block, if given with each element of self; removes from self those elements for which the block returns false or nil.
#index(object) ⇒ Integer^?

Alias for #index.
#first ⇒ Object^?

Returns elements from self; does not modify self.
#flatten ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array that is a recursive flattening of self: - Each non-Array element is unchanged.
#flatten! ⇒ self^?

Replaces each nested Array in self with the elements from that Array; returns self if any changes, nil otherwise.
#hash ⇒ Integer

Returns the integer hash value for self.
#include?(obj) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if for some index i in self, obj == self[i]; otherwise false:
#index(object) ⇒ Integer^? (also: #find_index)

Returns the index of a specified element.
#new ⇒ Array constructor

Returns a new Array.
#initialize_copy(other_array) ⇒ self

Alias for #replace.
#insert(index, *objects) ⇒ self

Inserts given objects before or after the element at ::Integer index offset; returns self.
#inspect ⇒ String

Alias for #to_s.
#intersect?(other_ary) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if the array and other_ary have at least one element in common, otherwise returns false:
#intersection(*other_arrays) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing each element found both in self and in all of the given Arrays other_arrays; duplicates are omitted; items are compared using #eql? (items must also implement #hash correctly):
#join(->new_string)

Returns the new ::String formed by joining the array elements after conversion.
#keep_if {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Retains those elements for which the block returns a truthy value; deletes all other elements; returns self:
#last ⇒ Object^?

Returns elements from self; self is not modified.
#length ⇒ Integer (also: #size)

Returns the count of elements in self.
#map {|element| ... } ⇒ Array (also: #collect)

Calls the block, if given, with each element of self; returns a new Array whose elements are the return values from the block:
#map! {|element| ... } ⇒ self (also: #collect!)

Calls the block, if given, with each element; replaces the element with the block’s return value:
#max ⇒ element

Returns one of the following:
#min ⇒ element

Returns one of the following:
#minmax ⇒ Array, max_val

Returns a new 2-element Array containing the minimum and maximum values from self, either per method #<=> or per a given block:.
#none? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if no element of self meet a given criterion.
#one? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if exactly one element of self meets a given criterion.
#pack(template, buffer: nil) ⇒ String

Formats each element in self into a binary string; returns that string.
#permutation {|element| ... } ⇒ self

When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of elements of self; returns self.
#pop ⇒ Object^?

Removes and returns trailing elements.
#prepend(*objects) ⇒ self (also: #unshift)

Prepends the given objects to self:
#product(*other_arrays) ⇒ Array

Computes and returns or yields all combinations of elements from all the Arrays, including both self and other_arrays:
#push(*objects) ⇒ self (also: #append)

Appends trailing elements.
#rassoc(obj) ⇒ Array^?

Returns the first element in self that is an Array whose second element #== obj:
#reject {|element| ... } ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array whose elements are all those from self for which the block returns false or nil:
#reject! {|element| ... } ⇒ self^?

Removes each element for which the block returns a truthy value.
#repeated_combination(n) {|combination| ... } ⇒ self

Calls the block with each repeated combination of length n of the elements of self; each combination is an Array; returns self.
#repeated_permutation(n) {|permutation| ... } ⇒ self

Calls the block with each repeated permutation of length n of the elements of self; each permutation is an Array; returns self.
#replace(other_array) ⇒ self (also: #initialize_copy)

Replaces the content of self with the content of other_array; returns self:
#reverse ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array with the elements of self in reverse order:
#reverse! ⇒ self

Reverses self in place:
#reverse_each {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Iterates backwards over array elements.
#rindex(object) ⇒ Integer^?

Returns the index of the last element for which object == element.
#rotate ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array formed from self with elements rotated from one end to the other.
#rotate! ⇒ self

Rotates self in place by moving elements from one end to the other; returns self.
#sample(random: Random) ⇒ Object

Returns random elements from self.
#select {|element| ... } ⇒ Array

Alias for #filter.
#select! {|element| ... } ⇒ self^?

Alias for #filter!.
#shift ⇒ Object^?

Removes and returns leading elements.
#shuffle(random: Random) ⇒ Array

Returns a new array with elements of self shuffled.
#shuffle!(random: Random) ⇒ Array

Shuffles the elements of self in place.
#size ⇒ Integer

Alias for #length.
#slice(index) ⇒ Object^?

Alias for #[].
#slice!(n) ⇒ Object^?

Removes and returns elements from self.
#sort ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array whose elements are those from self, sorted.
#sort! ⇒ self

Returns self with its elements sorted in place.
#sort_by! {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Sorts the elements of self in place, using an ordering determined by the block; returns self.
#sum(init = 0) ⇒ Object

When no block is given, returns the object equivalent to:
#take(n) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing the first n element of self, where n is a non-negative Integer; does not modify self.
#take_while {|element| ... } ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing zero or more leading elements of self; does not modify self.
#to_a ⇒ self, Array

When self is an instance of Array, returns self:
#to_ary ⇒ self

Returns self.
#to_h ⇒ Hash

Returns a new ::Hash formed from self.
#to_s ⇒ String (also: #inspect)

Returns the new ::String formed by calling method #inspect on each array element:
#transpose ⇒ Array

Transposes the rows and columns in an Array of Arrays; the nested Arrays must all be the same size:
#union(*other_arrays) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array that is the union of self and all given Arrays other_arrays; duplicates are removed; order is preserved; items are compared using #eql?:
#uniq ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array containing those elements from self that are not duplicates, the first occurrence always being retained.
#uniq! ⇒ self^?

Removes duplicate elements from self, the first occurrence always being retained; returns self if any elements removed, nil otherwise.
#unshift(*objects) ⇒ self

Alias for #prepend.
#values_at(*indexes) ⇒ Array

Returns a new Array whose elements are the elements of self at the given ::Integer or ::Range indexes.
#zip(*other_arrays) ⇒ Array

When no block given, returns a new Array new_array of size self.size whose elements are Arrays.
#|(other_array) ⇒ Array

Returns the union of array and Array other_array; duplicates are removed; order is preserved; items are compared using #eql?:
#deconstruct Internal use only

`::Enumerable` - Included

#all?	Returns whether every element meets a given criterion.
#any?	Returns whether any element meets a given criterion.
#chain	Returns an enumerator object generated from this enumerator and given enumerables.
#chunk	Each element in the returned enumerator is a 2-element array consisting of:
#chunk_while	Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
#collect	Alias for Enumerable#map.
#collect_concat	Alias for Enumerable#flat_map.
#compact	Returns an array of all non-`nil` elements:
#count	Returns the count of elements, based on an argument or block criterion, if given.
#cycle	When called with positive integer argument `n` and a block, calls the block with each element, then does so again, until it has done so `n` times; returns `nil`:
#detect	Alias for Enumerable#find.
#drop	For positive integer `n`, returns an array containing all but the first `n` elements:
#drop_while	Calls the block with successive elements as long as the block returns a truthy value; returns an array of all elements after that point:
#each_cons	Calls the block with each successive overlapped `n`-tuple of elements; returns `self`:
#each_entry	Calls the given block with each element, converting multiple values from yield to an array; returns `self`:
#each_slice	Calls the block with each successive disjoint `n`-tuple of elements; returns `self`:
#each_with_index	With a block given, calls the block with each element and its index; returns `self`:
#each_with_object	Calls the block once for each element, passing both the element and the given object:
#entries	Alias for Enumerable#to_a.
#filter	Returns an array containing elements selected by the block.
#filter_map	Returns an array containing truthy elements returned by the block.
#find	Returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value.
#find_all	Alias for Enumerable#filter.
#find_index	Returns the index of the first element that meets a specified criterion, or `nil` if no such element is found.
#first	Returns the first element or elements.
#flat_map	Returns an array of flattened objects returned by the block.
#grep	Returns an array of objects based elements of `self` that match the given pattern.
#grep_v	Returns an array of objects based on elements of `self` that don’t match the given pattern.
#group_by	With a block given returns a hash:
#include?	Alias for Enumerable#member?.
#inject	Returns an object formed from operands via either:
#lazy	Returns an `::Enumerator::Lazy`, which redefines most `::Enumerable` methods to postpone enumeration and enumerate values only on an as-needed basis.
#map	Returns an array of objects returned by the block.
#max	Returns the element with the maximum element according to a given criterion.
#max_by	Returns the elements for which the block returns the maximum values.
#member?	Returns whether for any element `object == element`:
#min	Returns the element with the minimum element according to a given criterion.
#min_by	Returns the elements for which the block returns the minimum values.
#minmax	Returns a 2-element array containing the minimum and maximum elements according to a given criterion.
#minmax_by	Returns a 2-element array containing the elements for which the block returns minimum and maximum values:
#none?	Returns whether no element meets a given criterion.
#one?	Returns whether exactly one element meets a given criterion.
#partition	With a block given, returns an array of two arrays:
#reduce	Alias for Enumerable#inject.
#reject	Returns an array of objects rejected by the block.
#reverse_each	With a block given, calls the block with each element, but in reverse order; returns `self`:
#select	Alias for Enumerable#filter.
#slice_after	Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
#slice_before	With argument `pattern`, returns an enumerator that uses the pattern to partition elements into arrays (“slices”).
#slice_when	Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
#sort	Returns an array containing the sorted elements of `self`.
#sort_by	With a block given, returns an array of elements of `self`, sorted according to the value returned by the block for each element.
#sum	With no block given, returns the sum of `initial_value` and the elements:
#take	For non-negative integer `n`, returns the first `n` elements:
#take_while	Calls the block with successive elements as long as the block returns a truthy value; returns an array of all elements up to that point:
#tally	Returns a hash containing the counts of equal elements:
#to_a	Returns an array containing the items in `self`:
#to_h	When `self` consists of 2-element arrays, returns a hash each of whose entries is the key-value pair formed from one of those arrays:
#to_set	Makes a set from the enumerable object with given arguments.
#uniq	With no block, returns a new array containing only unique elements; the array has no two elements `e0` and `e1` such that `e0.eql?(e1)`:
#zip	With no block given, returns a new array `new_array` of size self.size whose elements are arrays.

Constructor Details

.new(*args)

This method is for internal use only.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1014


static VALUE
rb_ary_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE ary;

    if (klass == rb_cArray) {
        long size = 0;
        if (argc > 0 && FIXNUM_P(argv[0])) {
            size = FIX2LONG(argv[0]);
            if (size < 0) size = 0;
        }

        ary = ary_new(klass, size);

        rb_obj_call_init_kw(ary, argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
    }
    else {
        ary = rb_class_new_instance_pass_kw(argc, argv, klass);
    }

    return ary;
}

#new ⇒ `Array` #new(array) ⇒ `Array` #new(size) ⇒ `Array` #new(size, default_value) ⇒ `Array` #new(size) {|index| ... } ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array.

With no block and no arguments, returns a new empty Array object.

With no block and a single Array argument array, returns a new Array formed from array:

a = Array.new([:foo, 'bar', 2])
a.class # => Array
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

With no block and a single ::Integer argument #size, returns a new Array of the given size whose elements are all nil:

a = Array.new(3)
a # => [nil, nil, nil]

With no block and arguments #size and default_value, returns an Array of the given size; each element is that same default_value:

a = Array.new(3, 'x')
a # => ['x', 'x', 'x']

With a block and argument #size, returns an Array of the given size; the block is called with each successive integer #index; the element for that #index is the return value from the block:

a = Array.new(3) {|index| "Element #{index}" }
a # => ["Element 0", "Element 1", "Element 2"]

Raises ArgumentError if #size is negative.

With a block and no argument, or a single argument 0, ignores the block and returns a new empty Array.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1085


static VALUE
rb_ary_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long len;
    VALUE size, val;

    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    if (argc == 0) {
        rb_ary_reset(ary);
        RUBY_ASSERT(ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
        RUBY_ASSERT(ARY_EMBED_LEN(ary) == 0);
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warning("given block not used");
        }
        return ary;
    }
    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &size, &val);
    if (argc == 1 && !FIXNUM_P(size)) {
        val = rb_check_array_type(size);
        if (!NIL_P(val)) {
            rb_ary_replace(ary, val);
            return ary;
        }
    }

    len = NUM2LONG(size);
    /* NUM2LONG() may call size.to_int, ary can be frozen, modified, etc */
    if (len < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative array size");
    }
    if (len > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array size too big");
    }
    /* recheck after argument conversion */
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    ary_resize_capa(ary, len);
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        long i;

        if (argc == 2) {
            rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
        }
        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
            rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i)));
            ARY_SET_LEN(ary, i + 1);
        }
    }
    else {
        ary_memfill(ary, 0, len, val);
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len);
    }
    return ary;
}

Class Method Details

.[](*args)

Returns a new array populated with the given objects.

Array.[]( 1, 'a', /^A/)  # => [1, "a", /^A/]
Array[ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]    # => [1, "a", /^A/]
[ 1, 'a', /^A/ ]         # => [1, "a", /^A/]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1147


static VALUE
rb_ary_s_create(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE ary = ary_new(klass, argc);
    if (argc > 0 && argv) {
        ary_memcpy(ary, 0, argc, argv);
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, argc);
    }

    return ary;
}

.try_convert(object) ⇒ Object, ...

If object is an Array object, returns object.

Otherwise if object responds to :to_ary, calls object.to_ary and returns the result.

Returns nil if object does not respond to :to_ary

Raises an exception unless object.to_ary returns an Array object.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1007


static VALUE
rb_ary_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_check_array_type(ary);
}

Instance Attribute Details

#empty? ⇒ `Boolean` (readonly)

Returns true if the count of elements in self is zero, false otherwise.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2691


static VALUE
rb_ary_empty_p(VALUE ary)
{
    return RBOOL(RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0);
}

Instance Method Details

#&(other_array) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing each element found in both array and Array other_array; duplicates are omitted; items are compared using #eql? (items must also implement #hash correctly):

[0, 1, 2, 3] & [1, 2] # => [1, 2]
[0, 1, 0, 1] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]

Preserves order from array:

[0, 1, 2] & [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2]

Related: #intersection.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5498


static VALUE
rb_ary_and(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    VALUE hash, ary3, v;
    st_data_t vv;
    long i;

    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
    ary3 = rb_ary_new();
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) == 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return ary3;

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
            if (!rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) continue;
            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary3, v)) continue;
            rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
        }
        return ary3;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
        v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
        vv = (st_data_t)v;
        if (rb_hash_stlike_delete(hash, &vv, 0)) {
            rb_ary_push(ary3, v);
        }
    }

    return ary3;
}

#(n) ⇒ `Array` #(string_separator) ⇒ String

When non-negative argument ::Integer n is given, returns a new Array built by concatenating the n copies of self:

a = ['x', 'y']
a * 3 # => ["x", "y", "x", "y", "x", "y"]

When String argument string_separator is given, equivalent to array.join(string_separator):

[0, [0, 1], {foo: 0}] * ', ' # => "0, 0, 1, {:foo=>0}"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4975


static VALUE
rb_ary_times(VALUE ary, VALUE times)
{
    VALUE ary2, tmp;
    const VALUE *ptr;
    long t, len;

    tmp = rb_check_string_type(times);
    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
        return rb_ary_join(ary, tmp);
    }

    len = NUM2LONG(times);
    if (len == 0) {
        ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, 0);
        goto out;
    }
    if (len < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative argument");
    }
    if (ARY_MAX_SIZE/len < RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
    }
    len *= RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    ary2 = ary_new(rb_cArray, len);
    ARY_SET_LEN(ary2, len);

    ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
    t = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (0 < t) {
        ary_memcpy(ary2, 0, t, ptr);
        while (t <= len/2) {
            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
            t *= 2;
        }
        if (t < len) {
            ary_memcpy(ary2, t, len-t, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2));
        }
    }
  out:
    return ary2;
}

#+(other_array) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing all elements of array followed by all elements of other_array:

a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]

Related: #concat.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4891


VALUE
rb_ary_plus(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    VALUE z;
    long len, xlen, ylen;

    y = to_ary(y);
    xlen = RARRAY_LEN(x);
    ylen = RARRAY_LEN(y);
    len = xlen + ylen;
    z = rb_ary_new2(len);

    ary_memcpy(z, 0, xlen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(x));
    ary_memcpy(z, xlen, ylen, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(y));
    ARY_SET_LEN(z, len);
    return z;
}

#-(other_array) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing only those elements from array that are not found in Array other_array; items are compared using #eql?; the order from array is preserved:

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1] # => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3] - [3, 0] # => [1, 2]
[0, 1, 2] - [4] # => [0, 1, 2]

Related: #difference.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5396


VALUE
rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    VALUE ary3;
    VALUE hash;
    long i;

    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) { return ary_make_shared_copy(ary1); }
    ary3 = rb_ary_new();

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
            VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary1, i);
            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, elt)) continue;
            rb_ary_push(ary3, elt);
        }
        return ary3;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(ary2);
    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
        if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(hash, RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i), NULL)) continue;
        rb_ary_push(ary3, rb_ary_elt(ary1, i));
    }

    return ary3;
}

#<<(object) ⇒ `self`

Appends object to self; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a << :baz # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz]

Appends object as one element, even if it is another Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a << [3, 4]
a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [3, 4]]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1338


VALUE
rb_ary_push(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
{
    long idx = RARRAY_LEN((ary_verify(ary), ary));
    VALUE target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_push(ary, 1);
    RARRAY_PTR_USE(ary, ptr, {
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(target_ary, &ptr[idx], item);
    });
    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, idx + 1);
    ary_verify(ary);
    return ary;
}

#<=>(other_array) ⇒ `1`, `0`

Returns -1, 0, or 1 as self is less than, equal to, or greater than other_array. For each index i in self, evaluates result = self[i] <=> other_array[i].

Returns -1 if any result is -1:

[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 3] # => -1

Returns 1 if any result is 1:

[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 1] # => 1

When all results are zero:

Returns -1 if array is smaller than other_array:
```
[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2, 3] # => -1
```
Returns 1 if array is larger than other_array:
```
[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1] # => 1
```
Returns 0 if array and other_array are the same size:
```
[0, 1, 2] <=> [0, 1, 2] # => 0
```

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5315


VALUE
rb_ary_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    long len;
    VALUE v;

    ary2 = rb_check_array_type(ary2);
    if (NIL_P(ary2)) return Qnil;
    if (ary1 == ary2) return INT2FIX(0);
    v = rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_cmp, ary1, ary2, ary2);
    if (!UNDEF_P(v)) return v;
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary1) - RARRAY_LEN(ary2);
    if (len == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
    if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(1);
    return INT2FIX(-1);
}

#==(other_array) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if both array.size == other_array.size and for each index i in array, array[i] == other_array[i]:

a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2.0]
a1 == a0 # => true
[] == [] # => true

Otherwise, returns false.

This method is different from method #eql?, which compares elements using Object#eql?.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5132


static VALUE
rb_ary_equal(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary2, T_ARRAY)) {
        if (!rb_respond_to(ary2, idTo_ary)) {
            return Qfalse;
        }
        return rb_equal(ary2, ary1);
    }
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_equal, ary1, ary2, ary2);
}

#[](index) ⇒ Object^? #[](start, length) ⇒ Object^? #[](range) ⇒ Object^? #[](aseq) ⇒ Object^? #slice(index) ⇒ Object^? #slice(start, length) ⇒ Object^? #slice(range) ⇒ Object^? #slice(aseq) ⇒ Object^?
Also known as: #slice

Returns elements from self; does not modify self.

In brief:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0]     # => :foo
a[-1]    # => 2
a[1, 2]  # => ["bar", 2]
a[0..1]  # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]

When a single ::Integer argument #index is given, returns the element at offset #index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0] # => :foo
a[2] # => 2
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If #index is negative, counts relative to the end of self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-1] # => 2
a[-2] # => "bar"

If #index is out of range, returns nil.

When two ::Integer arguments start and #length are given, returns a new Array of size #length containing successive elements beginning at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0, 2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[1, 2] # => ["bar", 2]

If start + length is greater than self.length, returns all elements from offset start to the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0, 4] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
a[1, 3] # => ["bar", 2]
a[2, 2] # => [2]

If start == self.size and length >= 0, returns a new empty Array.

If #length is negative, returns nil.

When a single ::Range argument range is given, treats range.min as start above and range.size as #length above:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0..1] # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[1..2] # => ["bar", 2]

Special case: If range.start == a.size, returns a new empty Array.

If range.end is negative, calculates the end index from the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0..-1] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
a[0..-2] # => [:foo, "bar"]
a[0..-3] # => [:foo]

If range.start is negative, calculates the start index from the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-1..2] # => [2]
a[-2..2] # => ["bar", 2]
a[-3..2] # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If range.start is larger than the array size, returns nil.

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[4..1] # => nil
a[4..0] # => nil
a[4..-1] # => nil

When a single ::Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence argument aseq is given, returns an Array of elements corresponding to the indexes produced by the sequence.

a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
a[(1..).step(2)] # => ["data1", "data2", "data3"]

Unlike slicing with range, if the start or the end of the arithmetic sequence is larger than array size, throws ::RangeError.

a = ['--', 'data1', '--', 'data2', '--', 'data3']
a[(1..11).step(2)]
# RangeError (((1..11).step(2)) out of range)
a[(7..).step(2)]
# RangeError (((7..).step(2)) out of range)

If given a single argument, and its type is not one of the listed, tries to convert it to ::Integer, and raises if it is impossible:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
# Raises TypeError (no implicit conversion of Symbol into Integer):
a[:foo]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1837


VALUE
rb_ary_aref(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    if (argc == 2) {
        return rb_ary_aref2(ary, argv[0], argv[1]);
    }
    return rb_ary_aref1(ary, argv[0]);
}

#[]=(index, object) ⇒ Object #[]=(start, length, object) ⇒ Object #[]=(range, object) ⇒ Object

Assigns elements in self; returns the given object.

In brief:

a_orig = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
# With argument index.
a = a_orig.dup
a[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", "bar", 2]
a = a_orig.dup
a[7] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
# With arguments start and length.
a = a_orig.dup
a[0, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]
a = a_orig.dup
a[6, 50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]
# With argument range.
a = a_orig.dup
a[0..1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]
a = a_orig.dup
a[6..50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

When Integer argument #index is given, assigns object to an element in self.

If #index is non-negative, assigns object the element at offset #index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", "bar", 2]

If #index is greater than self.length, extends the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[7] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

If #index is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-1] = 'two' # => "two"
a # => [:foo, "bar", "two"]

When Integer arguments start and #length are given and object is not an Array, removes length - 1 elements beginning at offset start, and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]

If start is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-2, 2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

If start is non-negative and outside the array ( >= self.size), extends the array with nil, assigns object at offset start, and ignores #length:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[6, 50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

If #length is zero, shifts elements at and following offset start and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1, 0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]

If #length is too large for the existing array, does not extend the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1, 5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

When Range argument range is given and object is not an Array, removes length - 1 elements beginning at offset start, and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[0..1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => ["foo", 2]

if range.begin is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[-2..2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

If the array length is less than range.begin, extends the array with nil, assigns object at offset range.begin, and ignores #length:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[6..50] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, nil, "foo"]

If range.end is zero, shifts elements at and following offset start and assigns object at offset start:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..0] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]

If range.end is negative, assigns object at offset start, retains range.end.abs -1 elements past that, and removes those beyond:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..-1] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]
a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..-2] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", 2]
a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..-3] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo", "bar", 2]
a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]

If range.end is too large for the existing array, replaces array elements, but does not extend the array with nil values:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a[1..5] = 'foo' # => "foo"
a # => [:foo, "foo"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2429


static VALUE
rb_ary_aset(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long offset, beg, len;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    if (argc == 3) {
        beg = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
        len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[2]);
    }
    if (FIXNUM_P(argv[0])) {
        offset = FIX2LONG(argv[0]);
        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
    }
    if (rb_range_beg_len(argv[0], &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
        /* check if idx is Range */
        return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, beg, len, argv[1]);
    }

    offset = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
    return ary_aset_by_rb_ary_store(ary, offset, argv[1]);
}

#all? ⇒ `Boolean` #all? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #all?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if all elements of self meet a given criterion.

If self has no element, returns true and argument or block are not used.

With no block given and no argument, returns true if self contains only truthy elements, false otherwise:

[0, 1, :foo].all? # => true
[0, nil, 2].all? # => false
[].all? # => true

With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in self; returns true if the block returns only truthy values, false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 3 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].all? { |element| element < 2 } # => false

If argument obj is given, returns true if obj.=== every element, false otherwise:

['food', 'fool', 'foot'].all?(/foo/) # => true
['food', 'drink'].all?(/bar/) # => false
[].all?(/foo/) # => true
[0, 0, 0].all?(0) # => true
[0, 1, 2].all?(1) # => false

Related: Enumerable#all?

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7753


static VALUE
rb_ary_all_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qtrue;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (!RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (!RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

#any? ⇒ `Boolean` #any? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #any?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if any element of self meets a given criterion.

If self has no element, returns false and argument or block are not used.

With no block given and no argument, returns true if self has any truthy element, false otherwise:

[nil, 0, false].any? # => true
[nil, false].any? # => false
[].any? # => false

With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in self; returns true if the block returns any truthy value, false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].any? {|element| element > 2 } # => false

If argument obj is given, returns true if obj.=== any element, false otherwise:

['food', 'drink'].any?(/foo/) # => true
['food', 'drink'].any?(/bar/) # => false
[].any?(/foo/) # => false
[0, 1, 2].any?(1) # => true
[0, 1, 2].any?(3) # => false

Related: Enumerable#any?

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7690


static VALUE
rb_ary_any_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qfalse;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

#push(objects) ⇒ `self` #append(objects) ⇒ `self`

Alias for #push.

#assoc(obj) ⇒ `Array`^?

Returns the first element in self that is an Array whose first element #== obj:

a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
a.assoc(4) # => [4, 5, 6]

Returns nil if no such element is found.

Related: #rassoc.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5034


VALUE
rb_ary_assoc(VALUE ary, VALUE key)
{
    long i;
    VALUE v;

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
        v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
        if (!NIL_P(v) && RARRAY_LEN(v) > 0 &&
            rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 0), key))
            return v;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

#at(index) ⇒ Object

Returns the element at ::Integer offset #index; does not modify self.

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.at(0) # => :foo
a.at(2) # => 2

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1891


VALUE
rb_ary_at(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
{
    return rb_ary_entry(ary, NUM2LONG(pos));
}

#bsearch {|element| ... } ⇒ Object #bsearch ⇒ Enumerator

Returns an element from self selected by a binary search.

See Binary Searching.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3498


static VALUE
rb_ary_bsearch(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE index_result = rb_ary_bsearch_index(ary);

    if (FIXNUM_P(index_result)) {
        return rb_ary_entry(ary, FIX2LONG(index_result));
    }
    return index_result;
}

#bsearch_index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #bsearch_index ⇒ Enumerator

Searches self as described at method #bsearch, but returns the index of the found element instead of the element itself.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3518


static VALUE
rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary)
{
    long low = 0, high = RARRAY_LEN(ary), mid;
    int smaller = 0, satisfied = 0;
    VALUE v, val;

    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
    while (low < high) {
        mid = low + ((high - low) / 2);
        val = rb_ary_entry(ary, mid);
        v = rb_yield(val);
        if (FIXNUM_P(v)) {
            if (v == INT2FIX(0)) return INT2FIX(mid);
            smaller = (SIGNED_VALUE)v < 0; /* Fixnum preserves its sign-bit */
        }
        else if (v == Qtrue) {
            satisfied = 1;
            smaller = 1;
        }
        else if (!RTEST(v)) {
            smaller = 0;
        }
        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(v, rb_cNumeric)) {
            const VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
            switch (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(v, id_cmp, 1, &zero), v, zero)) {
              case 0: return INT2FIX(mid);
              case 1: smaller = 0; break;
              case -1: smaller = 1;
            }
        }
        else {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE
                     " (must be numeric, true, false or nil)",
                     rb_obj_class(v));
        }
        if (smaller) {
            high = mid;
        }
        else {
            low = mid + 1;
        }
    }
    if (!satisfied) return Qnil;
    return INT2FIX(low);
}

#clear ⇒ `self`

Removes all elements from self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.clear # => []

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4597


VALUE
rb_ary_clear(VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
        if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
            rb_ary_unshare(ary);
            FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
            ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, 0);
        }
    }
    else {
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
        if (ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2 < ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
            ary_resize_capa(ary, ARY_DEFAULT_SIZE * 2);
        }
    }
    ary_verify(ary);
    return ary;
}

#map {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #map ⇒ Enumerator

Alias for #map.

#map! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #map! ⇒ Enumerator

Alias for #map!.

#combination(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #combination(n) ⇒ Enumerator

Calls the block, if given, with combinations of elements of self; returns self. The order of combinations is indeterminate.

When a block and an in-range positive ::Integer argument n (0 < n <= self.size) are given, calls the block with all n-tuple combinations of self.

Example:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.combination(2) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0, 1]
[0, 2]
[1, 2]

Another example:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.combination(3) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0, 1, 2]

When n is zero, calls the block once with a new empty Array:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a1 = a.combination(0) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[]

When n is out of range (negative or larger than self.size), does not call the block:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }
a.combination(4) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7067


static VALUE
rb_ary_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
{
    long i, n, len;

    n = NUM2LONG(num);
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_combination_size);
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (n < 0 || len < n) {
        /* yield nothing */
    }
    else if (n == 0) {
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (n == 1) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *stack = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n+1);

        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);
        combinate0(len, n, stack, ary0);
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

#compact ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing all non-nil elements from self:

a = [nil, 0, nil, 1, nil, 2, nil]
a.compact # => [0, 1, 2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6252


static VALUE
rb_ary_compact(VALUE ary)
{
    ary = rb_ary_dup(ary);
    rb_ary_compact_bang(ary);
    return ary;
}

#compact! ⇒ `self`^?

Removes all nil elements from self.

Returns self if any elements removed, otherwise nil.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6219


static VALUE
rb_ary_compact_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE *p, *t, *end;
    long n;

    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    p = t = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary); /* WB: no new reference */
    end = p + RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    while (t < end) {
        if (NIL_P(*t)) t++;
        else *p++ = *t++;
    }
    n = p - RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == n) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    ary_resize_smaller(ary, n);

    return ary;
}

#concat(*other_arrays) ⇒ `self`

Adds to array all elements from each Array in other_arrays; returns self:

a = [0, 1]
a.concat([2, 3], [4, 5]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4930


static VALUE
rb_ary_concat_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);

    if (argc == 1) {
        rb_ary_concat(ary, argv[0]);
    }
    else if (argc > 1) {
        int i;
        VALUE args = rb_ary_hidden_new(argc);
        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
            rb_ary_concat(args, argv[i]);
        }
        ary_append(ary, args);
    }

    ary_verify(ary);
    return ary;
}

#count ⇒ Integer #count(obj) ⇒ Integer #count {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer

Returns a count of specified elements.

With no argument and no block, returns the count of all elements:

[0, 1, 2].count # => 3
[].count # => 0

With argument obj, returns the count of elements #== to obj:

[0, 1, 2, 0.0].count(0) # => 2
[0, 1, 2].count(3) # => 0

With no argument and a block given, calls the block with each element; returns the count of elements for which the block returns a truthy value:

[0, 1, 2, 3].count {|element| element > 1} # => 2

With argument obj and a block given, issues a warning, ignores the block, and returns the count of elements #== to obj.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6287


static VALUE
rb_ary_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, n = 0;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0) {
        VALUE v;

        if (!rb_block_given_p())
            return LONG2NUM(RARRAY_LEN(ary));

        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(v))) n++;
        }
    }
    else {
        VALUE obj = argv[0];

        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            if (rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), obj)) n++;
        }
    }

    return LONG2NUM(n);
}

#cycle {|element| ... } ⇒ `nil` #cycle(count) {|element| ... } ⇒ `nil` #cycle ⇒ Enumerator #cycle(count) ⇒ Enumerator

When called with positive ::Integer argument #count and a block, calls the block with each element, then does so again, until it has done so #count times; returns nil:

output = []
[0, 1].cycle(2) {|element| output.push(element) } # => nil
output # => [0, 1, 0, 1]

If #count is zero or negative, does not call the block:

[0, 1].cycle(0) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil
[0, 1].cycle(-1) {|element| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => nil

When a block is given, and argument is omitted or nil, cycles forever:

# Prints 0 and 1 forever.
[0, 1].cycle {|element| puts element }
[0, 1].cycle(nil) {|element| puts element }

When no block is given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

[0, 1].cycle(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle(2)>
[0, 1].cycle # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:cycle>
[0, 1].cycle.first(5) # => [0, 1, 0, 1, 0]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6725


static VALUE
rb_ary_cycle(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long n, i;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_cycle_size);
    if (argc == 0 || NIL_P(argv[0])) {
        n = -1;
    }
    else {
        n = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
        if (n <= 0) return Qnil;
    }

    while (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 0 && (n < 0 || 0 < n--)) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
        }
    }
    return Qnil;
}

#deconstruct

This method is for internal use only.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 8116


static VALUE
rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
{
    return ary;
}

#delete(obj) ⇒ `deleted_object` #delete(obj) {|nosuch| ... } ⇒ `deleted_object`, `block_return`

Removes zero or more elements from self.

When no block is given, removes from self each element ele such that ele == obj; returns the last deleted element:

s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
a.delete('bar') # => "bar"
a # => [:foo, 2]

Returns nil if no elements removed.

When a block is given, removes from self each element ele such that ele == obj.

If any such elements are found, ignores the block and returns the last deleted element:

s1 = 'bar'; s2 = 'bar'
a = [:foo, s1, 2, s2]
deleted_obj = a.delete('bar') {|obj| fail 'Cannot happen' }
a # => [:foo, 2]

If no such elements are found, returns the block’s return value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.delete(:nosuch) {|obj| "#{obj} not found" } # => "nosuch not found"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3978


VALUE
rb_ary_delete(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
{
    VALUE v = item;
    long i1, i2;

    for (i1 = i2 = 0; i1 < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i1++) {
        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i1);

        if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
            v = e;
            continue;
        }
        if (i1 != i2) {
            rb_ary_store(ary, i2, e);
        }
        i2++;
    }
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == i2) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            return rb_yield(item);
        }
        return Qnil;
    }

    ary_resize_smaller(ary, i2);

    ary_verify(ary);
    return v;
}

#delete_at(index) ⇒ `deleted_object`^?

Deletes an element from self, per the given ::Integer #index.

When #index is non-negative, deletes the element at offset #index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.delete_at(1) # => "bar"
a # => [:foo, 2]

If index is too large, returns nil.

When #index is negative, counts backward from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.delete_at(-2) # => "bar"
a # => [:foo, 2]

If #index is too small (far from zero), returns nil.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4077


static VALUE
rb_ary_delete_at_m(VALUE ary, VALUE pos)
{
    return rb_ary_delete_at(ary, NUM2LONG(pos));
}

#delete_if {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #delete_if ⇒ Enumerator

Removes each element in self for which the block returns a truthy value; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
a.delete_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.delete_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:delete_if>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4335


static VALUE
rb_ary_delete_if(VALUE ary)
{
    ary_verify(ary);
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    ary_reject_bang(ary);
    return ary;
}

#difference(*other_arrays) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing only those elements from self that are not found in any of the Arrays other_arrays; items are compared using #eql?; order from self is preserved:

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1].difference([1]) # => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3]) # => [2]
[0, 1, 2].difference([4]) # => [0, 1, 2]

Returns a copy of self if no arguments given.

Related: #-.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5442


static VALUE
rb_ary_difference_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE ary_diff;
    long i, length;
    volatile VALUE t0;
    bool *is_hash = ALLOCV_N(bool, t0, argc);
    ary_diff = rb_ary_new();
    length = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        argv[i] = to_ary(argv[i]);
        is_hash[i] = (length > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(argv[i]) > SMALL_ARRAY_LEN);
        if (is_hash[i]) argv[i] = ary_make_hash(argv[i]);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        int j;
        VALUE elt = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
        for (j = 0; j < argc; j++) {
            if (is_hash[j]) {
                if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(argv[j], RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), NULL))
                    break;
            }
            else {
                if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(argv[j], elt)) break;
            }
        }
        if (j == argc) rb_ary_push(ary_diff, elt);
    }

    ALLOCV_END(t0);

    return ary_diff;
}

#dig(index, *identifiers) ⇒ Object

Finds and returns the object in nested objects that is specified by #index and identifiers. The nested objects may be instances of various classes. See Dig Methods.

Examples:

a = [:foo, [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]]
a.dig(1) # => [:bar, :baz, [:bat, :bam]]
a.dig(1, 2) # => [:bat, :bam]
a.dig(1, 2, 0) # => :bat
a.dig(1, 2, 3) # => nil

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7934


static VALUE
rb_ary_dig(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
    self = rb_ary_at(self, *argv);
    if (!--argc) return self;
    ++argv;
    return rb_obj_dig(argc, argv, self, Qnil);
}

#drop(n) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing all but the first n element of self, where n is a non-negative Integer; does not modify self.

Examples:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop(0) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop(1) # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop(2) # => [2, 3, 4, 5]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7607


static VALUE
rb_ary_drop(VALUE ary, VALUE n)
{
    VALUE result;
    long pos = NUM2LONG(n);
    if (pos < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to drop negative size");
    }

    result = rb_ary_subseq(ary, pos, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    if (NIL_P(result)) result = rb_ary_new();
    return result;
}

#drop_while {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #drop_while ⇒ Enumerator

Returns a new Array containing zero or more trailing elements of self; does not modify self.

With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of self; stops if the block returns false or nil; returns a new Array omitting those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.drop_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [3, 4, 5]

With no block given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

[0, 1].drop_while # => # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:drop_while>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7642


static VALUE
rb_ary_drop_while(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;

    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) break;
    }
    return rb_ary_drop(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
}

#each {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #each ⇒ Enumerator

Iterates over array elements.

When a block given, passes each successive array element to the block; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }

Output:

Symbol foo
String bar
Integer 2

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }

Output:

foo
bar

When no block given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]

e = a.each
e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each>
a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }

Output:

Symbol foo
String bar
Integer 2

Related: #each_index, #reverse_each.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.rb', line 44


def each
  Primitive.attr! :inline_block
  Primitive.attr! :use_block

  unless defined?(yield)
    return Primitive.cexpr! 'SIZED_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, 0, ary_enum_length)'
  end
  _i = 0
  value = nil
  while Primitive.cexpr!(%q{ ary_fetch_next(self, LOCAL_PTR(_i), LOCAL_PTR(value)) })
    yield value
  end
  self
end

#each_index {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #each_index ⇒ Enumerator

Iterates over array indexes.

When a block given, passes each successive array index to the block; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each_index {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}" }

Output:

0 foo
1 bar
2 2

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each_index {|index| puts index; a.clear if index > 0 }

Output:

0
1

When no block given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
e = a.each_index
e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:each_index>
a1 = e.each {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}"}

Output:

0 foo
1 bar
2 2

Related: #each, #reverse_each.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2594


static VALUE
rb_ary_each_index(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
    }
    return ary;
}

#eql?(other_array) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if self and other_array are the same size, and if, for each index i in self, self[i].eql?(other_array[i]):

a0 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1.eql?(a0) # => true

Otherwise, returns false.

This method is different from method #==, which compares using method Object#==.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5177


static VALUE
rb_ary_eql(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    if (ary1 == ary2) return Qtrue;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(ary2, T_ARRAY)) return Qfalse;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return Qfalse;
    if (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary1) == RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary2)) return Qtrue;
    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, ary1, ary2, ary2);
}

#fetch(index) ⇒ `element` #fetch(index, default_value) ⇒ `element` #fetch(index) {|index| ... } ⇒ `element`

Returns the element at offset #index.

With the single ::Integer argument #index, returns the element at offset #index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(1) # => "bar"

If #index is negative, counts from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(-1) # => 2
a.fetch(-2) # => "bar"

With arguments #index and default_value, returns the element at offset #index if index is in range, otherwise returns default_value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(1, nil) # => "bar"

With argument #index and a block, returns the element at offset #index if index is in range (and the block is not called); otherwise calls the block with index and returns its return value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.fetch(1) {|index| raise 'Cannot happen' } # => "bar"
a.fetch(50) {|index| "Value for #{index}" } # => "Value for 50"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1972


static VALUE
rb_ary_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE pos, ifnone;
    long block_given;
    long idx;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &pos, &ifnone);
    block_given = rb_block_given_p();
    if (block_given && argc == 2) {
        rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
    }
    idx = NUM2LONG(pos);

    if (idx < 0) {
        idx +=  RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    }
    if (idx < 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= idx) {
        if (block_given) return rb_yield(pos);
        if (argc == 1) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld outside of array bounds: %ld...%ld",
                        idx - (idx < 0 ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) : 0), -RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_LEN(ary));
        }
        return ifnone;
    }
    return RARRAY_AREF(ary, idx);
}

#fill(obj) ⇒ `self` #fill(obj, start) ⇒ `self` #fill(obj, start, length) ⇒ `self` #fill(obj, range) ⇒ `self` #fill {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #fill(start) {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #fill(start, length) {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #fill(range) {|index| ... } ⇒ `self`

Replaces specified elements in self with specified objects; returns self.

With argument obj and no block given, replaces all elements with that one object:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a.fill(:X) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]

With arguments obj and ::Integer start, and no block given, replaces elements based on the given start.

If start is in range (0 <= start < array.size), replaces all elements from offset start through the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, 2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]

If start is too large (start >= array.size), does nothing:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, 4) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, 5) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

If start is negative, counts from the end (starting index is start + array.size):

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, -2) # => ["a", "b", :X, :X]

If start is too small (less than and far from zero), replaces all elements:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, -6) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, -50) # => [:X, :X, :X, :X]

With arguments obj, ::Integer start, and ::Integer #length, and no block given, replaces elements based on the given start and #length.

If start is in range, replaces #length elements beginning at offset start:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, 1, 1) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]

If start is negative, counts from the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, -2, 1) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]

If start is large (start >= array.size), extends self with nil:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, 5, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, 5, 2) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, :X, :X]

If #length is zero or negative, replaces no elements:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, 1, 0) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a.fill(:X, 1, -1) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

With arguments obj and ::Range range, and no block given, replaces elements based on the given range.

If the range is positive and ascending (0 < range.begin <= range.end), replaces elements from range.begin to range.end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, (1..1)) # => ["a", :X, "c", "d"]

If range.first is negative, replaces no elements:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, (-1..1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

If range.last is negative, counts from the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, (0..-2)) # => [:X, :X, :X, "d"]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, (1..-2)) # => ["a", :X, :X, "d"]

If range.last and range.last are both negative, both count from the end of the array:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, (-1..-1)) # => ["a", "b", "c", :X]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(:X, (-2..-2)) # => ["a", "b", :X, "d"]

With no arguments and a block given, calls the block with each index; replaces the corresponding element with the block’s return value:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]

With argument start and a block given, calls the block with each index from offset start to the end; replaces the corresponding element with the block’s return value.

If start is in range (0 <= start < array.size), replaces from offset start to the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]

If start is too large(start >= array.size), does nothing:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(4) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

If start is negative, counts from the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "new_3"]

If start is too small (start <= -array.size, replaces all elements:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(-6) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(-50) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "new_3"]

With arguments start and #length, and a block given, calls the block for each index specified by start length; replaces the corresponding element with the block’s return value.

If start is in range, replaces #length elements beginning at offset start:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(1, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]

If start is negative, counts from the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(-2, 1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]

If start is large (start >= array.size), extends self with nil:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(5, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(5, 2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", nil, "new_5", "new_6"]

If #length is zero or less, replaces no elements:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(1, 0) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
a.fill(1, -1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

With arguments obj and range, and a block given, calls the block with each index in the given range; replaces the corresponding element with the block’s return value.

If the range is positive and ascending (range 0 < range.begin <= range.end, replaces elements from range.begin to range.end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(1..1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "c", "d"]

If range.first is negative, does nothing:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(-1..1) { |index| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

If range.last is negative, counts from the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(0..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["new_0", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(1..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "new_1", "new_2", "d"]

If range.first and range.last are both negative, both count from the end:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(-1..-1) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "c", "new_3"]
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a.fill(-2..-2) { |index| "new_#{index}" } # => ["a", "b", "new_2", "d"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4814


static VALUE
rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE item = Qundef, arg1, arg2;
    long beg = 0, end = 0, len = 0;

    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &arg1, &arg2);
        argc += 1;		/* hackish */
    }
    else {
        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &item, &arg1, &arg2);
    }
    switch (argc) {
      case 1:
        beg = 0;
        len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
        break;
      case 2:
        if (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &beg, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 1)) {
            break;
        }
        /* fall through */
      case 3:
        beg = NIL_P(arg1) ? 0 : NUM2LONG(arg1);
        if (beg < 0) {
            beg = RARRAY_LEN(ary) + beg;
            if (beg < 0) beg = 0;
        }
        len = NIL_P(arg2) ? RARRAY_LEN(ary) - beg : NUM2LONG(arg2);
        break;
    }
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    if (len < 0) {
        return ary;
    }
    if (beg >= ARY_MAX_SIZE || len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - beg) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
    }
    end = beg + len;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) < end) {
        if (end >= ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
            ary_resize_capa(ary, end);
        }
        ary_mem_clear(ary, RARRAY_LEN(ary), end - RARRAY_LEN(ary));
        ARY_SET_LEN(ary, end);
    }

    if (UNDEF_P(item)) {
        VALUE v;
        long i;

        for (i=beg; i<end; i++) {
            v = rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
            if (i>=RARRAY_LEN(ary)) break;
            ARY_SET(ary, i, v);
        }
    }
    else {
        ary_memfill(ary, beg, len, item);
    }
    return ary;
}

#select {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #select ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #select

Calls the block, if given, with each element of self; returns a new Array containing those elements of self for which the block returns a truthy value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a1 = a.select {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
a1 # => ["bar", :bam]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.select # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3807


static VALUE
rb_ary_select(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result;
    long i;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    result = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
            rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
        }
    }
    return result;
}

#select! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self`^? #select! ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #select!

Calls the block, if given with each element of self; removes from self those elements for which the block returns false or nil.

Returns self if any elements were removed:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.select! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]

Returns nil if no elements were removed.

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.select! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:select!>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3890


static VALUE
rb_ary_select_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    struct select_bang_arg args;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_modify(ary);

    args.ary = ary;
    args.len[0] = args.len[1] = 0;
    return rb_ensure(select_bang_i, (VALUE)&args, select_bang_ensure, (VALUE)&args);
}

#index(object) ⇒ Integer^? #index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #index ⇒ Enumerator

Alias for #index.

#first ⇒ Object^? #first(n) ⇒ `Array`

Returns elements from self; does not modify self.

When no argument is given, returns the first element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.first # => :foo
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If self is empty, returns nil.

When non-negative ::Integer argument n is given, returns the first n elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.first(2) # => [:foo, "bar"]

If n >= array.size, returns all elements:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.first(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If n == 0 returns an new empty Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.first(0) # []

Related: #last.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.rb', line 158


def first n = unspecified = true
  if Primitive.mandatory_only?
    Primitive.attr! :leaf
    Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_first(self) }
  else
    if unspecified
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_first(self) }
    else
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{  ary_take_first_or_last_n(self, NUM2LONG(n), ARY_TAKE_FIRST) }
    end
  end
end

#flatten ⇒ `Array` #flatten(level) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array that is a recursive flattening of self:

Each non-Array element is unchanged.
Each Array is replaced by its individual elements.

With non-negative ::Integer argument level, flattens recursively through level levels:

a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten(0) # => [0, [1, [2, 3], 4], 5]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

With no argument, a nil argument, or with negative argument level, flattens all levels:

a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[0, 1, 2].flatten # => [0, 1, 2]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[0, 1, 2].flatten(-1) # => [0, 1, 2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6488


static VALUE
rb_ary_flatten(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int level = -1;
    VALUE result;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0])) {
        level = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
        if (level == 0) return ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
    }

    result = flatten(ary, level);
    if (result == ary) {
        result = ary_make_shared_copy(ary);
    }

    return result;
}

#flatten! ⇒ `self`^? #flatten!(level) ⇒ `self`^?

Replaces each nested Array in self with the elements from that Array; returns self if any changes, nil otherwise.

With non-negative ::Integer argument level, flattens recursively through level levels:

a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten!(1) # => [0, 1, [2, 3], 4, 5]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten!(2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten!(3) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[0, 1, 2].flatten!(1) # => nil

With no argument, a nil argument, or with negative argument level, flattens all levels:

a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten! # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[0, 1, 2].flatten! # => nil
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten!(-1) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a = [ 0, [ 1, [2, 3], 4 ], 5 ]
a.flatten!(-2) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[0, 1, 2].flatten!(-1) # => nil

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6433


static VALUE
rb_ary_flatten_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int mod = 0, level = -1;
    VALUE result, lv;

    lv = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil);
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    if (!NIL_P(lv)) level = NUM2INT(lv);
    if (level == 0) return Qnil;

    result = flatten(ary, level);
    if (result == ary) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    if (!(mod = ARY_EMBED_P(result))) rb_obj_freeze(result);
    rb_ary_replace(ary, result);
    if (mod) ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(result, 0);

    return ary;
}

#hash ⇒ Integer

Returns the integer hash value for self.

Two arrays with the same content will have the same hash code (and will compare using #eql?):

[0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 2].hash # => true
[0, 1, 2].hash == [0, 1, 3].hash # => false

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5217


static VALUE
rb_ary_hash(VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_ary_hash_values(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary));
}

#include?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if for some index i in self, obj == self[i]; otherwise false:

[0, 1, 2].include?(2) # => true
[0, 1, 2].include?(3) # => false

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5234


VALUE
rb_ary_includes(VALUE ary, VALUE item)
{
    long i;
    VALUE e;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
        if (rb_equal(e, item)) {
            return Qtrue;
        }
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

#index(object) ⇒ Integer^? #index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #index ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #find_index

Returns the index of a specified element.

When argument object is given but no block, returns the index of the first element element for which object == element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.index('bar') # => 1

Returns nil if no such element found.

When both argument object and a block are given, calls the block with each successive element; returns the index of the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.index {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 1

Returns nil if the block never returns a truthy value.

When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
e = a.index
e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:index>
e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 1

Related: #rindex.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2036


static VALUE
rb_ary_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE val;
    long i;

    if (argc == 0) {
        RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
                return LONG2NUM(i);
            }
        }
        return Qnil;
    }
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    val = argv[0];
    if (rb_block_given_p())
        rb_warn("given block not used");
    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
        if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
            return LONG2NUM(i);
        }
    }
    return Qnil;
}

#replace(other_array) ⇒ `self` #initialize_copy(other_array) ⇒ `self`

Alias for #replace.

#insert(index, *objects) ⇒ `self`

Inserts given objects before or after the element at ::Integer index offset; returns self.

When #index is non-negative, inserts all given objects before the element at offset #index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.insert(1, :bat, :bam) # => [:foo, :bat, :bam, "bar", 2]

Extends the array if #index is beyond the array (index >= self.size):

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.insert(5, :bat, :bam)
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2, nil, nil, :bat, :bam]

Does nothing if no objects given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.insert(1)
a.insert(50)
a.insert(-50)
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

When #index is negative, inserts all given objects after the element at offset #indexself.size</tt>:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.insert(-2, :bat, :bam)
a # => [:foo, "bar", :bat, :bam, 2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2490


static VALUE
rb_ary_insert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long pos;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
    if (argc == 1) return ary;
    if (pos == -1) {
        pos = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    }
    else if (pos < 0) {
        long minpos = -RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
        if (pos < minpos) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld too small for array; minimum: %ld",
                     pos, minpos);
        }
        pos++;
    }
    rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, 0, argv + 1, argc - 1);
    return ary;
}

#to_s ⇒ String #inspect ⇒ String

Alias for #to_s.

#intersect?(other_ary) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if the array and other_ary have at least one element in common, otherwise returns false:

a = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
b = [ 3, 4, 5 ]
c = [ 5, 6, 7 ]
a.intersect?(b)   #=> true
a.intersect?(c)   #=> false

Array elements are compared using #eql? (items must also implement #hash correctly).

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5692


static VALUE
rb_ary_intersect_p(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    VALUE hash, v, result, shorter, longer;
    st_data_t vv;
    long i;

    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) == 0 || RARRAY_LEN(ary2) == 0) return Qfalse;

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN && RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary1, i);
            if (rb_ary_includes_by_eql(ary2, v)) return Qtrue;
        }
        return Qfalse;
    }

    shorter = ary1;
    longer = ary2;
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) > RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) {
        longer = ary1;
        shorter = ary2;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(shorter);
    result = Qfalse;

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(longer); i++) {
        v = RARRAY_AREF(longer, i);
        vv = (st_data_t)v;
        if (rb_hash_stlike_lookup(hash, vv, 0)) {
            result = Qtrue;
            break;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

#intersection(*other_arrays) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing each element found both in self and in all of the given Arrays other_arrays; duplicates are omitted; items are compared using #eql? (items must also implement #hash correctly):

[0, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]
[0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3]) # => [0, 1]

Preserves order from self:

[0, 1, 2].intersection([2, 1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2]

Returns a copy of self if no arguments given.

Related: #&.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5553


static VALUE
rb_ary_intersection_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result = rb_ary_dup(ary);
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        result = rb_ary_and(result, argv[i]);
    }

    return result;
}

#join(->new_string) #join(separator = $,) ⇒ String

Returns the new ::String formed by joining the array elements after conversion. For each element element:

Uses element.to_s if element is not a kind_of?(Array).
Uses recursive element.join(separator) if element is a kind_of?(Array).

With no argument, joins using the output field separator, $,:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
$, # => nil
a.join # => "foobar2"

With string argument separator, joins using that separator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.join("\n") # => "foo\nbar\n2"

Joins recursively for nested Arrays:

a = [:foo, [:bar, [:baz, :bat]]]
a.join # => "foobarbazbat"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2878


static VALUE
rb_ary_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE sep;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) == 0 || NIL_P(sep = argv[0])) {
        sep = rb_output_fs;
        if (!NIL_P(sep)) {
            rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED, "$, is set to non-nil value");
        }
    }

    return rb_ary_join(ary, sep);
}

#keep_if {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #keep_if ⇒ `new_enumeration`

Retains those elements for which the block returns a truthy value; deletes all other elements; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.keep_if {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => ["bar", :bam]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, :bam]
a.keep_if # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, :bam]:keep_if>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3921


static VALUE
rb_ary_keep_if(VALUE ary)
{
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_select_bang(ary);
    return ary;
}

#last ⇒ Object^? #last(n) ⇒ `Array`

Returns elements from self; self is not modified.

When no argument is given, returns the last element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.last # => 2
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If self is empty, returns nil.

When non-negative ::Integer argument n is given, returns the last n elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.last(2) # => ["bar", 2]

If n >= array.size, returns all elements:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.last(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

If n == 0, returns an new empty Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.last(0) # []

Related: #first.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.rb', line 202


def last n = unspecified = true
  if Primitive.mandatory_only?
    Primitive.attr! :leaf
    Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_last(self) }
  else
    if unspecified
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_last(self) }
    else
      Primitive.cexpr! %q{ ary_take_first_or_last_n(self, NUM2LONG(n), ARY_TAKE_LAST) }
    end
  end
end

#length ⇒ Integer Also known as: #size

Returns the count of elements in self.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2676


static VALUE
rb_ary_length(VALUE ary)
{
    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    return LONG2NUM(len);
}

#map {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #map ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #collect

Calls the block, if given, with each element of self; returns a new Array whose elements are the return values from the block:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.map {|element| element.class }
a1 # => [Symbol, String, Integer]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.map
a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3630


static VALUE
rb_ary_collect(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;
    VALUE collect;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    collect = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        rb_ary_push(collect, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
    }
    return collect;
}

#map! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #map! ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #collect!

Calls the block, if given, with each element; replaces the element with the block’s return value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.map! { |element| element.class } # => [Symbol, String, Integer]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.map!
a1 # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:map!>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3664


static VALUE
rb_ary_collect_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        rb_ary_store(ary, i, rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
    }
    return ary;
}

#max ⇒ `element` #max {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `element` #max(n) ⇒ `Array` #max(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `Array`

Returns one of the following:

The maximum-valued element from self.
A new Array of maximum-valued elements selected from self.

When no block is given, each element in self must respond to method #<=> with an ::Integer.

With no argument and no block, returns the element in self having the maximum value per method #<=>:

[0, 1, 2].max # => 2

With an argument ::Integer n and no block, returns a new Array with at most n elements, in descending order per method #<=>:

[0, 1, 2, 3].max(3) # => [3, 2, 1]
[0, 1, 2, 3].max(6) # => [3, 2, 1, 0]

When a block is given, the block must return an ::Integer.

With a block and no argument, calls the block self.size-1 times to compare elements; returns the element having the maximum value per the block:

['0', '00', '000'].max {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "000"

With an argument n and a block, returns a new Array with at most n elements, in descending order per the block:

['0', '00', '000'].max(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["000", "00"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5860


static VALUE
rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result = Qundef, v;
    VALUE num;
    long i;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
       return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 1, 1);

    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
           v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) > 0) {
               result = v;
           }
        }
    }
    else if (n > 0) {
        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
        if (n > 1) {
            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                return ary_max_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                return ary_max_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                return ary_max_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else {
                return ary_max_generic(ary, 1, result);
            }
        }
    }
    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
    return result;
}

#min ⇒ `element` #min {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `element` #min(n) ⇒ `Array` #min(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `Array`

Returns one of the following:

The minimum-valued element from self.
A new Array of minimum-valued elements selected from self.

When no block is given, each element in self must respond to method #<=> with an ::Integer.

With no argument and no block, returns the element in self having the minimum value per method #<=>:

[0, 1, 2].min # => 0

With Integer argument n and no block, returns a new Array with at most n elements, in ascending order per method #<=>:

[0, 1, 2, 3].min(3) # => [0, 1, 2]
[0, 1, 2, 3].min(6) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]

When a block is given, the block must return an ::Integer.

With a block and no argument, calls the block self.size-1 times to compare elements; returns the element having the minimum value per the block:

['0', '00', '000'].min { |a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "0"

With an argument n and a block, returns a new Array with at most n elements, in ascending order per the block:

['0', '00', '000'].min(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["0", "00"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6028


static VALUE
rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result = Qundef, v;
    VALUE num;
    long i;

    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(num = argv[0]))
       return rb_nmin_run(ary, num, 0, 0, 1);

    const long n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
           v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) < 0) {
               result = v;
           }
        }
    }
    else if (n > 0) {
        result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
        if (n > 1) {
            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                return ary_min_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                return ary_min_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                return ary_min_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
            }
            else {
                return ary_min_generic(ary, 1, result);
            }
        }
    }
    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
    return result;
}

#minmax ⇒ `Array`, `max_val` #minmax {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `Array`, `max_val`

Returns a new 2-element Array containing the minimum and maximum values from self, either per method #<=> or per a given block:.

When no block is given, each element in self must respond to method #<=> with an Integer; returns a new 2-element Array containing the minimum and maximum values from self, per method #<=>:

[0, 1, 2].minmax # => [0, 2]

When a block is given, the block must return an Integer; the block is called self.size-1 times to compare elements; returns a new 2-element Array containing the minimum and maximum values from self, per the block:

['0', '00', '000'].minmax {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["0", "000"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6091


static VALUE
rb_ary_minmax(VALUE ary)
{
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        return rb_call_super(0, NULL);
    }
    return rb_assoc_new(rb_ary_min(0, 0, ary), rb_ary_max(0, 0, ary));
}

#none? ⇒ `Boolean` #none? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #none?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if no element of self meet a given criterion.

With no block given and no argument, returns true if self has no truthy elements, false otherwise:

[nil, false].none? # => true
[nil, 0, false].none? # => false
[].none? # => true

With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in self; returns true if the block returns no truthy value, false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 3 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].none? {|element| element > 1 } # => false

If argument obj is given, returns true if obj.=== no element, false otherwise:

['food', 'drink'].none?(/bar/) # => true
['food', 'drink'].none?(/foo/) # => false
[].none?(/foo/) # => true
[0, 1, 2].none?(3) # => true
[0, 1, 2].none?(1) # => false

Related: Enumerable#none?

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7813


static VALUE
rb_ary_none_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qtrue;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

#one? ⇒ `Boolean` #one? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #one?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if exactly one element of self meets a given criterion.

With no block given and no argument, returns true if self has exactly one truthy element, false otherwise:

[nil, 0].one? # => true
[0, 0].one? # => false
[nil, nil].one? # => false
[].one? # => false

With a block given and no argument, calls the block with each element in self; returns true if the block a truthy value for exactly one element, false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 0 } # => false
[0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 1 } # => true
[0, 1, 2].one? {|element| element > 2 } # => false

If argument obj is given, returns true if obj.=== exactly one element, false otherwise:

[0, 1, 2].one?(0) # => true
[0, 0, 1].one?(0) # => false
[1, 1, 2].one?(0) # => false
['food', 'drink'].one?(/bar/) # => false
['food', 'drink'].one?(/foo/) # => true
[].one?(/foo/) # => false

Related: Enumerable#one?

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7877


static VALUE
rb_ary_one_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    VALUE result = Qfalse;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (!len) return Qfalse;
    if (argc) {
        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
            rb_warn("given block not used");
        }
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_funcall(argv[0], idEqq, 1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
                if (result) return Qfalse;
                result = Qtrue;
            }
        }
    }
    else if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (RTEST(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))) {
                if (result) return Qfalse;
                result = Qtrue;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) {
                if (result) return Qfalse;
                result = Qtrue;
            }
        }
    }
    return result;
}

#pack(template, buffer: nil) ⇒ String

Formats each element in self into a binary string; returns that string. See Packed Data.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'pack.rb', line 7


def pack(fmt, buffer: nil)
  Primitive.pack_pack(fmt, buffer)
end

#permutation {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #permutation(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #permutation ⇒ Enumerator #permutation(n) ⇒ Enumerator

When invoked with a block, yield all permutations of elements of self; returns self. The order of permutations is indeterminate.

When a block and an in-range positive ::Integer argument n (0 < n <= self.size) are given, calls the block with all n-tuple permutations of self.

Example:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 1]
[0, 2]
[1, 0]
[1, 2]
[2, 0]
[2, 1]

Another example:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(3) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 1, 2]
[0, 2, 1]
[1, 0, 2]
[1, 2, 0]
[2, 0, 1]
[2, 1, 0]

When n is zero, calls the block once with a new empty Array:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(0) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[]

When n is out of range (negative or larger than self.size), does not call the block:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }
a.permutation(4) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }

When a block given but no argument, behaves the same as a.permutation(a.size):

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 1, 2]
[0, 2, 1]
[1, 0, 2]
[1, 2, 0]
[2, 0, 1]
[2, 1, 0]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.permutation # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation>
a.permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6945


static VALUE
rb_ary_permutation(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long r, n, i;

    n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);                  /* Array length */
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, argc, argv, rb_ary_permutation_size);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
    r = n;
    if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) && !NIL_P(argv[0]))
        r = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);            /* Permutation size from argument */

    if (r < 0 || n < r) {
        /* no permutations: yield nothing */
    }
    else if (r == 0) { /* exactly one permutation: the zero-length array */
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (r == 1) { /* this is a special, easy case */
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else {             /* this is the general case */
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r+roomof(n, sizeof(long)));
        char *used = (char*)(p + r);
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);

        MEMZERO(used, char, n); /* initialize array */

        permute0(n, r, p, used, ary0); /* compute and yield permutations */
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

#pop ⇒ Object^? #pop(n) ⇒ `Array`

Removes and returns trailing elements.

When no argument is given and self is not empty, removes and returns the last element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.pop # => 2
a # => [:foo, "bar"]

Returns nil if the array is empty.

When a non-negative ::Integer argument n is given and is in range,

removes and returns the last n elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.pop(2) # => ["bar", 2]

If n is positive and out of range, removes and returns all elements:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.pop(50) # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

Related: #push, #shift, #unshift.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1437


static VALUE
rb_ary_pop_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result;

    if (argc == 0) {
        return rb_ary_pop(ary);
    }

    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_LAST);
    ARY_INCREASE_LEN(ary, -RARRAY_LEN(result));
    ary_verify(ary);
    return result;
}

#prepend(*objects) ⇒ `self` Also known as: #unshift

Prepends the given objects to self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.unshift(:bam, :bat) # => [:bam, :bat, :foo, "bar", 2]

Related: #push, #pop, #shift.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1652


VALUE
rb_ary_unshift_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    VALUE target_ary;

    if (argc == 0) {
        rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
        return ary;
    }

    target_ary = ary_ensure_room_for_unshift(ary, argc);
    ary_memcpy0(ary, 0, argc, argv, target_ary);
    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, len + argc);
    return ary;
}

#product(other_arrays) ⇒ `Array` #product(other_arrays) {|combination| ... } ⇒ `self`

Computes and returns or yields all combinations of elements from all the Arrays, including both self and other_arrays:

The number of combinations is the product of the sizes of all the arrays, including both self and other_arrays.
The order of the returned combinations is indeterminate.

When no block is given, returns the combinations as an Array of Arrays:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a1 = [3, 4]
a2 = [5, 6]
p = a.product(a1)
p.size # => 6 # a.size * a1.size
p # => [[0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4]]
p = a.product(a1, a2)
p.size # => 12 # a.size * a1.size * a2.size
p # => [[0, 3, 5], [0, 3, 6], [0, 4, 5], [0, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5], [1, 3, 6], [1, 4, 5], [1, 4, 6], [2, 3, 5], [2, 3, 6], [2, 4, 5], [2, 4, 6]]

If any argument is an empty Array, returns an empty Array.

If no argument is given, returns an Array of 1-element Arrays, each containing an element of self:

a.product # => [[0], [1], [2]]

When a block is given, yields each combination as an Array; returns self:

a.product(a1) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0, 3]
[0, 4]
[1, 3]
[1, 4]
[2, 3]
[2, 4]

If any argument is an empty Array, does not call the block:

a.product(a1, a2, []) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }

If no argument is given, yields each element of self as a 1-element Array:

a.product {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0]
[1]
[2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7439


static VALUE
rb_ary_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int n = argc+1;    /* How many arrays we're operating on */
    volatile VALUE t0 = rb_ary_hidden_new(n);
    volatile VALUE t1 = Qundef;
    VALUE *arrays = RARRAY_PTR(t0); /* The arrays we're computing the product of */
    int *counters = ALLOCV_N(int, t1, n); /* The current position in each one */
    VALUE result = Qnil;      /* The array we'll be returning, when no block given */
    long i,j;
    long resultlen = 1;

    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(t0);

    /* initialize the arrays of arrays */
    ARY_SET_LEN(t0, n);
    arrays[0] = ary;
    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) arrays[i] = Qnil;
    for (i = 1; i < n; i++) arrays[i] = to_ary(argv[i-1]);

    /* initialize the counters for the arrays */
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) counters[i] = 0;

    /* Otherwise, allocate and fill in an array of results */
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        /* Make defensive copies of arrays; exit if any is empty */
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]) == 0) goto done;
            arrays[i] = ary_make_shared_copy(arrays[i]);
        }
    }
    else {
        /* Compute the length of the result array; return [] if any is empty */
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            long k = RARRAY_LEN(arrays[i]);
            if (k == 0) {
                result = rb_ary_new2(0);
                goto done;
            }
            if (MUL_OVERFLOW_LONG_P(resultlen, k))
                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "too big to product");
            resultlen *= k;
        }
        result = rb_ary_new2(resultlen);
    }
    for (;;) {
        int m;
        /* fill in one subarray */
        VALUE subarray = rb_ary_new2(n);
        for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            rb_ary_push(subarray, rb_ary_entry(arrays[j], counters[j]));
        }

        /* put it on the result array */
        if (NIL_P(result)) {
            FL_SET(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG);
            rb_yield(subarray);
            if (!FL_TEST(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG)) {
                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "product reentered");
            }
            else {
                FL_UNSET(t0, RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG);
            }
        }
        else {
            rb_ary_push(result, subarray);
        }

        /*
         * Increment the last counter.  If it overflows, reset to 0
         * and increment the one before it.
         */
        m = n-1;
        counters[m]++;
        while (counters[m] == RARRAY_LEN(arrays[m])) {
            counters[m] = 0;
            /* If the first counter overflows, we are done */
            if (--m < 0) goto done;
            counters[m]++;
        }
    }

done:
    ALLOCV_END(t1);

    return NIL_P(result) ? ary : result;
}

#push(*objects) ⇒ `self` Also known as: #append

Appends trailing elements.

Appends each argument in objects to self; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.push(:baz, :bat) # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bat]

Appends each argument as one element, even if it is another Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.push([:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad])
a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2, [:baz, :bat], [:bam, :bad]]

Related: #pop, #shift, #unshift.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1381


static VALUE
rb_ary_push_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_ary_cat(ary, argv, argc);
}

#rassoc(obj) ⇒ `Array`^?

Returns the first element in self that is an Array whose second element #== obj:

a = [{foo: 0}, [2, 4], [4, 5, 6], [4, 5]]
a.rassoc(4) # => [2, 4]

Returns nil if no such element is found.

Related: #assoc.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5064


VALUE
rb_ary_rassoc(VALUE ary, VALUE value)
{
    long i;
    VALUE v;

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); ++i) {
        v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
        if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_ARRAY) &&
            RARRAY_LEN(v) > 1 &&
            rb_equal(RARRAY_AREF(v, 1), value))
            return v;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

#reject {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #reject ⇒ Enumerator

Returns a new Array whose elements are all those from self for which the block returns false or nil:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
a1 = a.reject {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') }
a1 # => [:foo, 2]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reject # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4306


static VALUE
rb_ary_reject(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE rejected_ary;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rejected_ary = rb_ary_new();
    ary_reject(ary, rejected_ary);
    return rejected_ary;
}

#reject! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self`^? #reject! ⇒ Enumerator

Removes each element for which the block returns a truthy value.

Returns self if any elements removed:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bat']
a.reject! {|element| element.to_s.start_with?('b') } # => [:foo, 2]

Returns nil if no elements removed.

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reject! # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reject!>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4279


static VALUE
rb_ary_reject_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    return ary_reject_bang(ary);
}

#repeated_combination(n) {|combination| ... } ⇒ `self` #repeated_combination(n) ⇒ Enumerator

Calls the block with each repeated combination of length n of the elements of self; each combination is an Array; returns self. The order of the combinations is indeterminate.

When a block and a positive ::Integer argument n are given, calls the block with each n-tuple repeated combination of the elements of self. The number of combinations is (n+1)(n+2)/2.

n = 1:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_combination(1) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0]
[1]
[2]

n = 2:

a.repeated_combination(2) {|combination| p combination }

Output:

[0, 0]
[0, 1]
[0, 2]
[1, 1]
[1, 2]
[2, 2]

If n is zero, calls the block once with an empty Array.

If n is negative, does not call the block:

a.repeated_combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' }

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_combination(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:combination(2)>

Using Enumerators, it’s convenient to show the combinations and counts for some values of n:

e = a.repeated_combination(0)
e.size # => 1
e.to_a # => [[]]
e = a.repeated_combination(1)
e.size # => 3
e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
e = a.repeated_combination(2)
e.size # => 6
e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2]]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7344


static VALUE
rb_ary_repeated_combination(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
{
    long n, i, len;

    n = NUM2LONG(num);                 /* Combination size from argument */
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_repeated_combination_size);   /* Return enumerator if no block */
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (n < 0) {
        /* yield nothing */
    }
    else if (n == 0) {
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (n == 1) {
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else if (len == 0) {
        /* yield nothing */
    }
    else {
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, n);
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);

        rcombinate0(len, n, p, n, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated combinations */
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

#repeated_permutation(n) {|permutation| ... } ⇒ `self` #repeated_permutation(n) ⇒ Enumerator

Calls the block with each repeated permutation of length n of the elements of self; each permutation is an Array; returns self. The order of the permutations is indeterminate.

When a block and a positive ::Integer argument n are given, calls the block with each n-tuple repeated permutation of the elements of self. The number of permutations is self.size**n.

n = 1:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_permutation(1) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0]
[1]
[2]

n = 2:

a.repeated_permutation(2) {|permutation| p permutation }

Output:

[0, 0]
[0, 1]
[0, 2]
[1, 0]
[1, 1]
[1, 2]
[2, 0]
[2, 1]
[2, 2]

If n is zero, calls the block once with an empty Array.

If n is negative, does not call the block:

a.repeated_permutation(-1) {|permutation| fail 'Cannot happen' }

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = [0, 1, 2]
a.repeated_permutation(2) # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1, 2]:permutation(2)>

Using Enumerators, it’s convenient to show the permutations and counts for some values of n:

e = a.repeated_permutation(0)
e.size # => 1
e.to_a # => [[]]
e = a.repeated_permutation(1)
e.size # => 3
e.to_a # => [[0], [1], [2]]
e = a.repeated_permutation(2)
e.size # => 9
e.to_a # => [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2], [1, 0], [1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 0], [2, 1], [2, 2]]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7214


static VALUE
rb_ary_repeated_permutation(VALUE ary, VALUE num)
{
    long r, n, i;

    n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);                  /* Array length */
    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 1, &num, rb_ary_repeated_permutation_size);      /* Return Enumerator if no block */
    r = NUM2LONG(num);                    /* Permutation size from argument */

    if (r < 0) {
        /* no permutations: yield nothing */
    }
    else if (r == 0) { /* exactly one permutation: the zero-length array */
        rb_yield(rb_ary_new2(0));
    }
    else if (r == 1) { /* this is a special, easy case */
        for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            rb_yield(rb_ary_new3(1, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)));
        }
    }
    else {             /* this is the general case */
        volatile VALUE t0;
        long *p = ALLOCV_N(long, t0, r);
        VALUE ary0 = ary_make_shared_copy(ary); /* private defensive copy of ary */
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(ary0);

        rpermute0(n, r, p, ary0); /* compute and yield repeated permutations */
        ALLOCV_END(t0);
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(ary0, rb_cArray);
    }
    return ary;
}

#replace(other_array) ⇒ `self` Also known as: #initialize_copy

Replaces the content of self with the content of other_array; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.replace(['foo', :bar, 3]) # => ["foo", :bar, 3]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4543


VALUE
rb_ary_replace(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
{
    rb_ary_modify_check(copy);
    orig = to_ary(orig);
    if (copy == orig) return copy;

    rb_ary_reset(copy);

    /* orig has enough space to embed the contents of orig. */
    if (RARRAY_LEN(orig) <= ary_embed_capa(copy)) {
        RUBY_ASSERT(ARY_EMBED_P(copy));
        ary_memcpy(copy, 0, RARRAY_LEN(orig), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
        ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(copy, RARRAY_LEN(orig));
    }
    /* orig is embedded but copy does not have enough space to embed the
     * contents of orig. */
    else if (ARY_EMBED_P(orig)) {
        long len = ARY_EMBED_LEN(orig);
        VALUE *ptr = ary_heap_alloc(len);

        FL_UNSET_EMBED(copy);
        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ptr);
        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, len);
        ARY_SET_CAPA(copy, len);

        // No allocation and exception expected that could leave `copy` in a
        // bad state from the edits above.
        ary_memcpy(copy, 0, len, RARRAY_CONST_PTR(orig));
    }
    /* Otherwise, orig is on heap and copy does not have enough space to embed
     * the contents of orig. */
    else {
        VALUE shared_root = ary_make_shared(orig);
        FL_UNSET_EMBED(copy);
        ARY_SET_PTR(copy, ARY_HEAP_PTR(orig));
        ARY_SET_LEN(copy, ARY_HEAP_LEN(orig));
        rb_ary_set_shared(copy, shared_root);
    }
    ary_verify(copy);
    return copy;
}

#reverse ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array with the elements of self in reverse order:

a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
a1 = a.reverse
a1 # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3085


static VALUE
rb_ary_reverse_m(VALUE ary)
{
    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(len);

    if (len > 0) {
        const VALUE *p1 = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
        VALUE *p2 = (VALUE *)RARRAY_CONST_PTR(dup) + len - 1;
        do *p2-- = *p1++; while (--len > 0);
    }
    ARY_SET_LEN(dup, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    return dup;
}

#reverse! ⇒ `self`

Reverses self in place:

a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
a.reverse! # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3067


static VALUE
rb_ary_reverse_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    return rb_ary_reverse(ary);
}

#reverse_each {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #reverse_each ⇒ Enumerator

Iterates backwards over array elements.

When a block given, passes, in reverse order, each element to the block; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reverse_each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }

Output:

Integer 2
String bar
Symbol foo

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.reverse_each {|element| puts element; a.clear if element.to_s.start_with?('b') }

Output:

2
bar

When no block given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
e = a.reverse_each
e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2]:reverse_each>
a1 = e.each {|element|  puts "#{element.class} #{element}" }

Output:

Integer 2
String bar
Symbol foo

Related: #each, #each_index.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2651


static VALUE
rb_ary_reverse_each(VALUE ary)
{
    long len;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    while (len--) {
        long nlen;
        rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, len));
        nlen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
        if (nlen < len) {
            len = nlen;
        }
    }
    return ary;
}

#rindex(object) ⇒ Integer^? #rindex {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #rindex ⇒ Enumerator

Returns the index of the last element for which object == element.

When argument object is given but no block, returns the index of the last such element found:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.rindex('bar') # => 3

Returns nil if no such object found.

When a block is given but no argument, calls the block with each successive element; returns the index of the last element for which the block returns a truthy value:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.rindex {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3

Returns nil if the block never returns a truthy value.

When neither an argument nor a block is given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
e = a.rindex
e # => #<Enumerator: [:foo, "bar", 2, "bar"]:rindex>
e.each {|element| element == 'bar' } # => 3

Related: #index.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2097


static VALUE
rb_ary_rindex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE val;
    long i = RARRAY_LEN(ary), len;

    if (argc == 0) {
        RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
        while (i--) {
            if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i))))
                return LONG2NUM(i);
            if (i > (len = RARRAY_LEN(ary))) {
                i = len;
            }
        }
        return Qnil;
    }
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    val = argv[0];
    if (rb_block_given_p())
        rb_warn("given block not used");
    while (i--) {
        VALUE e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
        if (rb_equal(e, val)) {
            return LONG2NUM(i);
        }
        if (i > RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return Qnil;
}

#rotate ⇒ `Array` #rotate(count) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array formed from self with elements rotated from one end to the other.

When no argument given, returns a new Array that is like self, except that the first element has been rotated to the last position:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a1 = a.rotate
a1 # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]

When given a non-negative ::Integer #count, returns a new Array with #count elements rotated from the beginning to the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(2)
a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If #count is large, uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(20)
a1 # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If #count is zero, returns a copy of self, unmodified:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(0)
a1 # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

When given a negative ::Integer #count, rotates in the opposite direction, from end to beginning:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(-2)
a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

If #count is small (far from zero), uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a1 = a.rotate(-5)
a1 # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3245


static VALUE
rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE rotated;
    const VALUE *ptr;
    long len;
    long cnt = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);

    len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    rotated = rb_ary_new2(len);
    if (len > 0) {
        cnt = rotate_count(cnt, len);
        ptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary);
        len -= cnt;
        ary_memcpy(rotated, 0, len, ptr + cnt);
        ary_memcpy(rotated, len, cnt, ptr);
    }
    ARY_SET_LEN(rotated, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    return rotated;
}

#rotate! ⇒ `self` #rotate!(count) ⇒ `self`

Rotates self in place by moving elements from one end to the other; returns self.

When no argument given, rotates the first element to the last position:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2, 'bar']
a.rotate! # => ["bar", 2, "bar", :foo]

When given a non-negative ::Integer #count, rotates #count elements from the beginning to the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(2)
a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If #count is large, uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(20)
a # => [2, :foo, "bar"]

If #count is zero, returns self unmodified:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(0)
a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

When given a negative ::Integer #count, rotates in the opposite direction, from end to beginning:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(-2)
a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

If #count is small (far from zero), uses count % array.size as the count:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.rotate!(-5)
a # => ["bar", 2, :foo]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3188


static VALUE
rb_ary_rotate_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long n = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? NUM2LONG(argv[0]) : 1);
    rb_ary_rotate(ary, n);
    return ary;
}

#sample(random: Random) ⇒ Object #sample(n, random: Random) ⇒ `Array`

Returns random elements from self.

When no arguments are given, returns a random element from self:

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a.sample # => 3
a.sample # => 8

If self is empty, returns nil.

When argument n is given, returns a new Array containing n random elements from self:

a.sample(3) # => [8, 9, 2]
a.sample(6) # => [9, 6, 10, 3, 1, 4]

Returns no more than a.size elements (because no new duplicates are introduced):

a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [6, 4, 1, 8, 5, 9, 10, 2, 3, 7]

But self may contain duplicates:

a = [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
a.sample(a.size * 2) # => [1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2]

The argument n must be a non-negative numeric value. The order of the result array is unrelated to the order of self. Returns a new empty Array if self is empty.

The optional random argument will be used as the random number generator:

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a.sample(random: Random.new(1))     #=> 6
a.sample(4, random: Random.new(1))  #=> [6, 10, 9, 2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.rb', line 117


def sample(n = (ary = false), random: Random)
  if Primitive.mandatory_only?
    # Primitive.cexpr! %{ rb_ary_sample(self, rb_cRandom, Qfalse, Qfalse) }
    Primitive.ary_sample0
  else
    # Primitive.cexpr! %{ rb_ary_sample(self, random, n, ary) }
    Primitive.ary_sample(random, n, ary)
  end
end

#select {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #select ⇒ Enumerator

Alias for #filter.

#select! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self`^? #select! ⇒ Enumerator

Alias for #filter!.

#shift ⇒ Object^? #shift(n) ⇒ `Array`

Removes and returns leading elements.

When no argument is given, removes and returns the first element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.shift # => :foo
a # => ['bar', 2]

Returns nil if self is empty.

When positive ::Integer argument n is given, removes the first n elements; returns those elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.shift(2) # => [:foo, 'bar']
a # => [2]

If n is as large as or larger than self.length, removes all elements; returns those elements in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.shift(3) # => [:foo, 'bar', 2]

If n is zero, returns a new empty Array; self is unmodified.

Related: #push, #pop, #unshift.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 1504


static VALUE
rb_ary_shift_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE result;
    long n;

    if (argc == 0) {
        return rb_ary_shift(ary);
    }

    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    result = ary_take_first_or_last(argc, argv, ary, ARY_TAKE_FIRST);
    n = RARRAY_LEN(result);
    rb_ary_behead(ary,n);

    return result;
}

#shuffle(random: Random) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new array with elements of self shuffled.

a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
a.shuffle     #=> [2, 3, 1]
a             #=> [1, 2, 3]

The optional random argument will be used as the random number generator:

a.shuffle(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.rb', line 83


def shuffle(random: Random)
  Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle(random)
end

#shuffle!(random: Random) ⇒ `Array`

Shuffles the elements of self in place.

a = [1, 2, 3] #=> [1, 2, 3]
a.shuffle!    #=> [2, 3, 1]
a             #=> [2, 3, 1]

The optional random argument will be used as the random number generator:

a.shuffle!(random: Random.new(1))  #=> [1, 3, 2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.rb', line 69


def shuffle!(random: Random)
  Primitive.rb_ary_shuffle_bang(random)
end

#length ⇒ Integer #size ⇒ Integer

Alias for #length.

#[](index) ⇒ Object^? #[](start, length) ⇒ Object^? #[](range) ⇒ Object^? #[](aseq) ⇒ Object^? #slice(index) ⇒ Object^? #slice(start, length) ⇒ Object^? #slice(range) ⇒ Object^? #slice(aseq) ⇒ Object^?

Alias for #[].

#slice!(n) ⇒ Object^? #slice!(start, length) ⇒ `Array`^? #slice!(range) ⇒ `Array`^?

Removes and returns elements from self.

When the only argument is an ::Integer n, removes and returns the nth element in self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.slice!(1) # => "bar"
a # => [:foo, 2]

If n is negative, counts backwards from the end of self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.slice!(-1) # => 2
a # => [:foo, "bar"]

If n is out of range, returns nil.

When the only arguments are Integers start and #length, removes #length elements from self beginning at offset start; returns the deleted objects in a new Array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.slice!(0, 2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
a # => [2]

If start + length exceeds the array size, removes and returns all elements from offset start to the end:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.slice!(1, 50) # => ["bar", 2]
a # => [:foo]

If start == a.size and #length is non-negative, returns a new empty Array.

If #length is negative, returns nil.

When the only argument is a ::Range object range, treats range.min as start above and range.size as #length above:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.slice!(1..2) # => ["bar", 2]
a # => [:foo]

If range.start == a.size, returns a new empty Array.

If range.start is larger than the array size, returns nil.

If range.end is negative, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.slice!(0..-2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
a # => [2]

If range.start is negative, calculates the start index backwards from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.slice!(-2..2) # => ["bar", 2]
a # => [:foo]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4182


static VALUE
rb_ary_slice_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE arg1;
    long pos, len;

    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    arg1 = argv[0];

    if (argc == 2) {
        pos = NUM2LONG(argv[0]);
        len = NUM2LONG(argv[1]);
        return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
    }

    if (!FIXNUM_P(arg1)) {
        switch (rb_range_beg_len(arg1, &pos, &len, RARRAY_LEN(ary), 0)) {
          case Qtrue:
            /* valid range */
            return ary_slice_bang_by_rb_ary_splice(ary, pos, len);
          case Qnil:
            /* invalid range */
            return Qnil;
          default:
            /* not a range */
            break;
        }
    }

    return rb_ary_delete_at(ary, NUM2LONG(arg1));
}

#sort ⇒ `Array` #sort {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array whose elements are those from self, sorted.

With no block, compares elements using operator #<=> (see ::Comparable):

a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
a1 = a.sort
a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

With a block, calls the block with each element pair; for each element pair a and b, the block should return an integer:

Negative when b is to follow a.
Zero when a and b are equivalent.
Positive when a is to follow b.

Example:

a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
a1 = a.sort {|a, b| a <=> b }
a1 # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
a2 = a.sort {|a, b| b <=> a }
a2 # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]

When the block returns zero, the order for a and b is indeterminate, and may be unstable:

a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
a1 = a.sort {|a, b| 0 }
a1 # =>  ["c", "e", "b", "d", "a"]

Related: Enumerable#sort_by.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3478


VALUE
rb_ary_sort(VALUE ary)
{
    ary = rb_ary_dup(ary);
    rb_ary_sort_bang(ary);
    return ary;
}

#sort! ⇒ `self` #sort! {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `self`

Returns self with its elements sorted in place.

With no block, compares elements using operator #<=> (see ::Comparable):

a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
a.sort!
a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

With a block, calls the block with each element pair; for each element pair a and b, the block should return an integer:

Negative when b is to follow a.
Zero when a and b are equivalent.
Positive when a is to follow b.

Example:

a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
a.sort! {|a, b| a <=> b }
a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
a.sort! {|a, b| b <=> a }
a # => ["e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]

When the block returns zero, the order for a and b is indeterminate, and may be unstable:

a = 'abcde'.split('').shuffle
a # => ["e", "b", "d", "a", "c"]
a.sort! {|a, b| 0 }
a # => ["d", "e", "c", "a", "b"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3374


VALUE
rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) > 1) {
        VALUE tmp = ary_make_substitution(ary); /* only ary refers tmp */
        struct ary_sort_data data;
        long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
        RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(tmp);
        data.ary = tmp;
        data.receiver = ary;
        RARRAY_PTR_USE(tmp, ptr, {
            ruby_qsort(ptr, len, sizeof(VALUE),
                       rb_block_given_p()?sort_1:sort_2, &data);
        }); /* WB: no new reference */
        rb_ary_modify(ary);
        if (ARY_EMBED_P(tmp)) {
            if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) { /* ary might be destructively operated in the given block */
                rb_ary_unshare(ary);
                FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
            }
            if (ARY_EMBED_LEN(tmp) > ARY_CAPA(ary)) {
                ary_resize_capa(ary, ARY_EMBED_LEN(tmp));
            }
            ary_memcpy(ary, 0, ARY_EMBED_LEN(tmp), ARY_EMBED_PTR(tmp));
            ARY_SET_LEN(ary, ARY_EMBED_LEN(tmp));
        }
        else {
            if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary) && ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary) == ARY_HEAP_PTR(tmp)) {
                FL_UNSET_SHARED(ary);
                ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, RARRAY_LEN(tmp));
            }
            else {
                RUBY_ASSERT(!ARY_SHARED_P(tmp));
                if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
                    FL_UNSET_EMBED(ary);
                }
                else if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary)) {
                    /* ary might be destructively operated in the given block */
                    rb_ary_unshare(ary);
                }
                else {
                    ary_heap_free(ary);
                }
                ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ARY_HEAP_PTR(tmp));
                ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, len);
                ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, ARY_HEAP_LEN(tmp));
            }
            /* tmp was lost ownership for the ptr */
            FL_UNSET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
            FL_SET_EMBED(tmp);
            ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(tmp, 0);
            FL_SET(tmp, FL_FREEZE);
        }
        /* tmp will be GC'ed. */
        RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(tmp, rb_cArray); /* rb_cArray must be marked */
    }
    ary_verify(ary);
    return ary;
}

#sort_by! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #sort_by! ⇒ Enumerator

Sorts the elements of self in place, using an ordering determined by the block; returns self.

Calls the block with each successive element; sorts elements based on the values returned from the block.

For duplicates returned by the block, the ordering is indeterminate, and may be unstable.

This example sorts strings based on their sizes:

a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
a.sort_by! {|element| element.size }
a # => ["d", "cc", "bbb", "aaaa"]

Returns a new ::Enumerator if no block given:

a = ['aaaa', 'bbb', 'cc', 'd']
a.sort_by! # => #<Enumerator: ["aaaa", "bbb", "cc", "d"]:sort_by!>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3598


static VALUE
rb_ary_sort_by_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE sorted;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0, ary_enum_length);
    rb_ary_modify(ary);
    sorted = rb_block_call(ary, rb_intern("sort_by"), 0, 0, sort_by_i, 0);
    rb_ary_replace(ary, sorted);
    return ary;
}

#sum(init = 0) ⇒ Object #sum(init = 0) {|element| ... } ⇒ Object

When no block is given, returns the object equivalent to:

sum = init
array.each {|element| sum += element }
sum

For example, [e1, e2, e3].sum returns init + e1 + e2 + e3.

Examples:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3]
a.sum # => 6
a.sum(100) # => 106

The elements need not be numeric, but must be +-compatible with each other and with init:

a = ['abc', 'def', 'ghi']
a.sum('jkl') # => "jklabcdefghi"

When a block is given, it is called with each element and the block’s return value (instead of the element itself) is used as the addend:

a = ['zero', 1, :two]
s = a.sum('Coerced and concatenated: ') {|element| element.to_s }
s # => "Coerced and concatenated: zero1two"

Notes:

#join and #flatten may be faster than sum for an Array of Strings or an Array of Arrays.
sum method may not respect method redefinition of “+” methods such as Integer#+.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7998


static VALUE
rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE e, v, r;
    long i, n;
    int block_given;

    v = (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : LONG2FIX(0));

    block_given = rb_block_given_p();

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0)
        return v;

    n = 0;
    r = Qundef;

    if (!FIXNUM_P(v) && !RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(v) && !RB_TYPE_P(v, T_RATIONAL)) {
        i = 0;
        goto init_is_a_value;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
        if (block_given)
            e = rb_yield(e);
        if (FIXNUM_P(e)) {
            n += FIX2LONG(e); /* should not overflow long type */
            if (!FIXABLE(n)) {
                v = rb_big_plus(LONG2NUM(n), v);
                n = 0;
            }
        }
        else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(e))
            v = rb_big_plus(e, v);
        else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_RATIONAL)) {
            if (UNDEF_P(r))
                r = e;
            else
                r = rb_rational_plus(r, e);
        }
        else
            goto not_exact;
    }
    v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, argc!=0);
    return v;

  not_exact:
    v = finish_exact_sum(n, r, v, i!=0);

    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e)) {
        /*
         * Kahan-Babuska balancing compensated summation algorithm
         * See https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00607-005-0139-x
         */
        double f, c;
        double x, t;

        f = NUM2DBL(v);
        c = 0.0;
        goto has_float_value;
        for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
            if (block_given)
                e = rb_yield(e);
            if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(e))
              has_float_value:
                x = RFLOAT_VALUE(e);
            else if (FIXNUM_P(e))
                x = FIX2LONG(e);
            else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(e))
                x = rb_big2dbl(e);
            else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_RATIONAL))
                x = rb_num2dbl(e);
            else
                goto not_float;

            if (isnan(f)) continue;
            if (isnan(x)) {
                f = x;
                continue;
            }
            if (isinf(x)) {
                if (isinf(f) && signbit(x) != signbit(f))
                    f = NAN;
                else
                    f = x;
                continue;
            }
            if (isinf(f)) continue;

            t = f + x;
            if (fabs(f) >= fabs(x))
                c += ((f - t) + x);
            else
                c += ((x - t) + f);
            f = t;
        }
        f += c;
        return DBL2NUM(f);

      not_float:
        v = DBL2NUM(f);
    }

    goto has_some_value;
    init_is_a_value:
    for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
        if (block_given)
            e = rb_yield(e);
      has_some_value:
        v = rb_funcall(v, idPLUS, 1, e);
    }
    return v;
}

#take(n) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing the first n element of self, where n is a non-negative Integer; does not modify self.

Examples:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.take(1) # => [0]
a.take(2) # => [0, 1]
a.take(50) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7545


static VALUE
rb_ary_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
{
    long len = NUM2LONG(n);
    if (len < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
    }
    return rb_ary_subseq(obj, 0, len);
}

#take_while {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #take_while ⇒ Enumerator

Returns a new Array containing zero or more leading elements of self; does not modify self.

With a block given, calls the block with each successive element of self; stops if the block returns false or nil; returns a new Array containing those elements for which the block returned a truthy value:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.take_while {|element| element < 3 } # => [0, 1, 2]
a.take_while {|element| true } # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

With no block given, returns a new ::Enumerator:

[0, 1].take_while # => #<Enumerator: [0, 1]:take_while>

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 7578


static VALUE
rb_ary_take_while(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;

    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        if (!RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)))) break;
    }
    return rb_ary_take(ary, LONG2FIX(i));
}

#to_a ⇒ `self`, `Array`

When self is an instance of Array, returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.to_a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]

Otherwise, returns a new Array containing the elements of self:

class MyArray < Array; end
a = MyArray.new(['foo', 'bar', 'two'])
a.instance_of?(Array) # => false
a.kind_of?(Array) # => true
a1 = a.to_a
a1 # => ["foo", "bar", "two"]
a1.class # => Array # Not MyArray

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2957


static VALUE
rb_ary_to_a(VALUE ary)
{
    if (rb_obj_class(ary) != rb_cArray) {
        VALUE dup = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
        rb_ary_replace(dup, ary);
        return dup;
    }
    return ary;
}

#to_ary ⇒ `self`

Returns self.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3024


static VALUE
rb_ary_to_ary_m(VALUE ary)
{
    return ary;
}

#to_h ⇒ Hash #to_h {|item| ... } ⇒ Hash

Returns a new ::Hash formed from self.

When a block is given, calls the block with each array element; the block must return a 2-element Array whose two elements form a key-value pair in the returned ::Hash:

a = ['foo', :bar, 1, [2, 3], {baz: 4}]
h = a.to_h {|item| [item, item] }
h # => {"foo"=>"foo", :bar=>:bar, 1=>1, [2, 3]=>[2, 3], {:baz=>4}=>{:baz=>4}}

When no block is given, self must be an Array of 2-element sub-arrays, each sub-array is formed into a key-value pair in the new ::Hash:

[].to_h # => {}
a = [['foo', 'zero'], ['bar', 'one'], ['baz', 'two']]
h = a.to_h
h # => {"foo"=>"zero", "bar"=>"one", "baz"=>"two"}

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2993


static VALUE
rb_ary_to_h(VALUE ary)
{
    long i;
    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
    int block_given = rb_block_given_p();

    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        const VALUE e = rb_ary_elt(ary, i);
        const VALUE elt = block_given ? rb_yield_force_blockarg(e) : e;
        const VALUE key_value_pair = rb_check_array_type(elt);
        if (NIL_P(key_value_pair)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong element type %"PRIsVALUE" at %ld (expected array)",
                     rb_obj_class(elt), i);
        }
        if (RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair) != 2) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong array length at %ld (expected 2, was %ld)",
                i, RARRAY_LEN(key_value_pair));
        }
        rb_hash_aset(hash, RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 0), RARRAY_AREF(key_value_pair, 1));
    }
    return hash;
}

#to_s ⇒ String Also known as: #inspect

Returns the new ::String formed by calling method #inspect on each array element:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.inspect # => "[:foo, \"bar\", 2]"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 2923


static VALUE
rb_ary_inspect(VALUE ary)
{
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0) return rb_usascii_str_new2("[]");
    return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_ary, ary, 0);
}

#transpose ⇒ `Array`

Transposes the rows and columns in an Array of Arrays; the nested Arrays must all be the same size:

a = [[:a0, :a1], [:b0, :b1], [:c0, :c1]]
a.transpose # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1]]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4504


static VALUE
rb_ary_transpose(VALUE ary)
{
    long elen = -1, alen, i, j;
    VALUE tmp, result = 0;

    alen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    if (alen == 0) return rb_ary_dup(ary);
    for (i=0; i<alen; i++) {
        tmp = to_ary(rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
        if (elen < 0) {		/* first element */
            elen = RARRAY_LEN(tmp);
            result = rb_ary_new2(elen);
            for (j=0; j<elen; j++) {
                rb_ary_store(result, j, rb_ary_new2(alen));
            }
        }
        else if (elen != RARRAY_LEN(tmp)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "element size differs (%ld should be %ld)",
                     RARRAY_LEN(tmp), elen);
        }
        for (j=0; j<elen; j++) {
            rb_ary_store(rb_ary_elt(result, j), i, rb_ary_elt(tmp, j));
        }
    }
    return result;
}

#union(*other_arrays) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array that is the union of self and all given Arrays other_arrays; duplicates are removed; order is preserved; items are compared using #eql?:

[0, 1, 2, 3].union([4, 5], [6, 7]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
[0, 1, 1].union([2, 1], [3, 1]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3].union([3, 2], [1, 0]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3]

Returns a copy of self if no arguments given.

Related: #|.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5647


static VALUE
rb_ary_union_multi(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int i;
    long sum;
    VALUE hash;

    sum = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        argv[i] = to_ary(argv[i]);
        sum += RARRAY_LEN(argv[i]);
    }

    if (sum <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        VALUE ary_union = rb_ary_new();

        rb_ary_union(ary_union, ary);
        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) rb_ary_union(ary_union, argv[i]);

        return ary_union;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) rb_ary_union_hash(hash, argv[i]);

    return rb_hash_values(hash);
}

#uniq ⇒ `Array` #uniq {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array containing those elements from self that are not duplicates, the first occurrence always being retained.

With no block given, identifies and omits duplicates using method #eql? to compare:

a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
a.uniq # => [0, 1, 2]

With a block given, calls the block for each element; identifies (using method #eql?) and omits duplicate values, that is, those elements for which the block returns the same value:

a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
a.uniq {|element| element.size } # => ["a", "aa", "aaa"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6189


static VALUE
rb_ary_uniq(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE hash, uniq;

    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= 1) {
        hash = 0;
        uniq = rb_ary_dup(ary);
    }
    else if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
        uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
    }
    else {
        hash = ary_make_hash(ary);
        uniq = rb_hash_values(hash);
    }

    return uniq;
}

#uniq! ⇒ `self`^? #uniq! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self`^?

Removes duplicate elements from self, the first occurrence always being retained; returns self if any elements removed, nil otherwise.

With no block given, identifies and removes elements using method #eql? to compare.

Returns self if any elements removed:

a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
a.uniq! # => [0, 1, 2]

Returns nil if no elements removed.

With a block given, calls the block for each element; identifies (using method #eql?) and removes elements for which the block returns duplicate values.

Returns self if any elements removed:

a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb']
a.uniq! {|element| element.size } # => ['a', 'aa', 'aaa']

Returns nil if no elements removed.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 6136


static VALUE
rb_ary_uniq_bang(VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE hash;
    long hash_size;

    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) <= 1)
        return Qnil;
    if (rb_block_given_p())
        hash = ary_make_hash_by(ary);
    else
        hash = ary_make_hash(ary);

    hash_size = RHASH_SIZE(hash);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == hash_size) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    rb_ary_modify_check(ary);
    ARY_SET_LEN(ary, 0);
    if (ARY_SHARED_P(ary) && !ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
        rb_ary_unshare(ary);
        FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
    }
    ary_resize_capa(ary, hash_size);
    rb_hash_foreach(hash, push_value, ary);

    return ary;
}

#prepend(objects) ⇒ `self` #unshift(objects) ⇒ `self`

Alias for #prepend.

#values_at(*indexes) ⇒ `Array`

Returns a new Array whose elements are the elements of self at the given ::Integer or ::Range indexes.

For each positive #index, returns the element at offset #index:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.values_at(0, 2) # => [:foo, 2]
a.values_at(0..1) # => [:foo, "bar"]

The given indexes may be in any order, and may repeat:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.values_at(2, 0, 1, 0, 2) # => [2, :foo, "bar", :foo, 2]
a.values_at(1, 0..2) # => ["bar", :foo, "bar", 2]

Assigns nil for an #index that is too large:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.values_at(0, 3, 1, 3) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil]

Returns a new empty Array if no arguments given.

For each negative #index, counts backward from the end of the array:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.values_at(-1, -3) # => [2, :foo]

Assigns nil for an #index that is too small:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.values_at(0, -5, 1, -6, 2) # => [:foo, nil, "bar", nil, 2]

The given indexes may have a mixture of signs:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.values_at(0, -2, 1, -1) # => [:foo, "bar", "bar", 2]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 3774


static VALUE
rb_ary_values_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    long i, olen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    VALUE result = rb_ary_new_capa(argc);
    for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
        append_values_at_single(result, ary, olen, argv[i]);
    }
    RB_GC_GUARD(ary);
    return result;
}

#zip(other_arrays) ⇒ `Array` #zip(other_arrays) {|other_array| ... } ⇒ `nil`

When no block given, returns a new Array new_array of size self.size whose elements are Arrays.

Each nested array new_array[n] is of size other_arrays.size+1, and contains:

The nth element of self.
The nth element of each of the other_arrays.

If all other_arrays and self are the same size:

a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
d = a.zip(b, c)
d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]

If any array in other_arrays is smaller than self, fills to self.size with nil:

a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
b = [:b0, :b1, :b2]
c = [:c0, :c1]
d = a.zip(b, c)
d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, nil], [:a3, nil, nil]]

If any array in other_arrays is larger than self, its trailing elements are ignored:

a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3, :b4]
c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3, :c4, :c5]
d = a.zip(b, c)
d # => [[:a0, :b0, :c0], [:a1, :b1, :c1], [:a2, :b2, :c2], [:a3, :b3, :c3]]

If an argument is not an array, it extracts the values by calling #each:

a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a2] b = 1..4 c = a.zip(b) c # => [[:a0, 1], [:a1, 2], [:a2, 3], [:a2, 4]]

When a block is given, calls the block with each of the sub-arrays (formed as above); returns nil:

a = [:a0, :a1, :a2, :a3]
b = [:b0, :b1, :b2, :b3]
c = [:c0, :c1, :c2, :c3]
a.zip(b, c) {|sub_array| p sub_array} # => nil

Output:

[:a0, :b0, :c0]
[:a1, :b1, :c1]
[:a2, :b2, :c2]
[:a3, :b3, :c3]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 4434


static VALUE
rb_ary_zip(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
{
    int i, j;
    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
    VALUE result = Qnil;

    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
        argv[i] = take_items(argv[i], len);
    }

    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        int arity = rb_block_arity();

        if (arity > 1) {
            VALUE work, *tmp;

            tmp = ALLOCV_N(VALUE, work, argc+1);

            for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
                tmp[0] = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
                for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
                    tmp[j+1] = rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i);
                }
                rb_yield_values2(argc+1, tmp);
            }

            if (work) ALLOCV_END(work);
        }
        else {
            for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
                VALUE tmp = rb_ary_new2(argc+1);

                rb_ary_push(tmp, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
                for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
                    rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i));
                }
                rb_yield(tmp);
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        result = rb_ary_new_capa(len);

        for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
            VALUE tmp = rb_ary_new_capa(argc+1);

            rb_ary_push(tmp, RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
            for (j=0; j<argc; j++) {
                rb_ary_push(tmp, rb_ary_elt(argv[j], i));
            }
            rb_ary_push(result, tmp);
        }
    }

    return result;
}

#|(other_array) ⇒ `Array`

Returns the union of array and Array other_array; duplicates are removed; order is preserved; items are compared using #eql?:

[0, 1] | [2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 1] | [2, 2, 3] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2] | [3, 2, 1, 0] # => [0, 1, 2, 3]

Related: #union.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'array.c', line 5612


static VALUE
rb_ary_or(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
{
    VALUE hash;

    ary2 = to_ary(ary2);
    if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) + RARRAY_LEN(ary2) <= SMALL_ARRAY_LEN) {
        VALUE ary3 = rb_ary_new();
        rb_ary_union(ary3, ary1);
        rb_ary_union(ary3, ary2);
        return ary3;
    }

    hash = ary_make_hash(ary1);
    rb_ary_union_hash(hash, ary2);

    return rb_hash_values(hash);
}

Class: Array

Overview

Array Indexes

Creating Arrays

Example Usage

Accessing Elements

Obtaining Information about an Array

Adding Items to Arrays

Removing Items from an Array

Iterating over Arrays

Selecting Items from an Array

Non-destructive Selection

Destructive Selection

What’s Here

Methods for Creating an Array

Methods for Querying

Methods for Comparing

Methods for Fetching

Methods for Assigning

Methods for Deleting

Methods for Combining

Methods for Iterating

Methods for Converting

Other Methods

Class Method Summary

Instance Attribute Summary

Instance Method Summary

::Enumerable - Included

Constructor Details

.new(*args)

#new ⇒ Array #new(array) ⇒ Array #new(size) ⇒ Array #new(size, default_value) ⇒ Array #new(size) {|index| ... } ⇒ Array

Class Method Details

.[](*args)

.try_convert(object) ⇒ Object, ...

Instance Attribute Details

#empty? ⇒ Boolean (readonly)

Instance Method Details

#&(other_array) ⇒ Array

#*(n) ⇒ Array #*(string_separator) ⇒ String

#+(other_array) ⇒ Array

#-(other_array) ⇒ Array

#<<(object) ⇒ self

#<=>(other_array) ⇒ 1, 0

#==(other_array) ⇒ Boolean

#[](index) ⇒ Object? #[](start, length) ⇒ Object? #[](range) ⇒ Object? #[](aseq) ⇒ Object? #slice(index) ⇒ Object? #slice(start, length) ⇒ Object? #slice(range) ⇒ Object? #slice(aseq) ⇒ Object? Also known as: #slice

#[]=(index, object) ⇒ Object #[]=(start, length, object) ⇒ Object #[]=(range, object) ⇒ Object

#all? ⇒ Boolean #all? {|element| ... } ⇒ Boolean #all?(obj) ⇒ Boolean

#any? ⇒ Boolean #any? {|element| ... } ⇒ Boolean #any?(obj) ⇒ Boolean

#push(*objects) ⇒ self #append(*objects) ⇒ self

#assoc(obj) ⇒ Array?

#at(index) ⇒ Object

#bsearch {|element| ... } ⇒ Object #bsearch ⇒ Enumerator

#bsearch_index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer? #bsearch_index ⇒ Enumerator

#clear ⇒ self

#map {|element| ... } ⇒ Array #map ⇒ Enumerator

#map! {|element| ... } ⇒ self #map! ⇒ Enumerator

#combination(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ self #combination(n) ⇒ Enumerator

#compact ⇒ Array

#compact! ⇒ self?

#concat(*other_arrays) ⇒ self

#count ⇒ Integer #count(obj) ⇒ Integer #count {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer

#cycle {|element| ... } ⇒ nil #cycle(count) {|element| ... } ⇒ nil #cycle ⇒ Enumerator #cycle(count) ⇒ Enumerator

#deconstruct

#delete(obj) ⇒ deleted_object #delete(obj) {|nosuch| ... } ⇒ deleted_object, block_return

#delete_at(index) ⇒ deleted_object?

#delete_if {|element| ... } ⇒ self #delete_if ⇒ Enumerator

#difference(*other_arrays) ⇒ Array

#dig(index, *identifiers) ⇒ Object

#drop(n) ⇒ Array

#drop_while {|element| ... } ⇒ Array #drop_while ⇒ Enumerator

#each {|element| ... } ⇒ self #each ⇒ Enumerator

#each_index {|index| ... } ⇒ self #each_index ⇒ Enumerator

#eql?(other_array) ⇒ Boolean

#fetch(index) ⇒ element #fetch(index, default_value) ⇒ element #fetch(index) {|index| ... } ⇒ element

#fill(obj) ⇒ self #fill(obj, start) ⇒ self #fill(obj, start, length) ⇒ self #fill(obj, range) ⇒ self #fill {|index| ... } ⇒ self #fill(start) {|index| ... } ⇒ self #fill(start, length) {|index| ... } ⇒ self #fill(range) {|index| ... } ⇒ self

#select {|element| ... } ⇒ Array #select ⇒ Enumerator Also known as: #select

#select! {|element| ... } ⇒ self? #select! ⇒ Enumerator Also known as: #select!

#index(object) ⇒ Integer? #index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer? #index ⇒ Enumerator

#first ⇒ Object? #first(n) ⇒ Array

#flatten ⇒ Array #flatten(level) ⇒ Array

`Array` Indexes

Obtaining Information about an `Array`

Removing Items from an `Array`

Selecting Items from an `Array`

Methods for Creating an `Array`

`::Enumerable` - Included

#new ⇒ `Array` #new(array) ⇒ `Array` #new(size) ⇒ `Array` #new(size, default_value) ⇒ `Array` #new(size) {|index| ... } ⇒ `Array`

#empty? ⇒ `Boolean` (readonly)

#&(other_array) ⇒ `Array`

#(n) ⇒ `Array` #(string_separator) ⇒ String

#+(other_array) ⇒ `Array`

#-(other_array) ⇒ `Array`

#<<(object) ⇒ `self`

#<=>(other_array) ⇒ `1`, `0`

#==(other_array) ⇒ `Boolean`

#[](index) ⇒ Object^? #[](start, length) ⇒ Object^? #[](range) ⇒ Object^? #[](aseq) ⇒ Object^? #slice(index) ⇒ Object^? #slice(start, length) ⇒ Object^? #slice(range) ⇒ Object^? #slice(aseq) ⇒ Object^?
Also known as: #slice

#all? ⇒ `Boolean` #all? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #all?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

#any? ⇒ `Boolean` #any? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #any?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

#push(objects) ⇒ `self` #append(objects) ⇒ `self`

#assoc(obj) ⇒ `Array`^?

#bsearch_index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #bsearch_index ⇒ Enumerator

#clear ⇒ `self`

#map {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #map ⇒ Enumerator

#map! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #map! ⇒ Enumerator

#combination(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #combination(n) ⇒ Enumerator

#compact ⇒ `Array`

#compact! ⇒ `self`^?

#concat(*other_arrays) ⇒ `self`

#cycle {|element| ... } ⇒ `nil` #cycle(count) {|element| ... } ⇒ `nil` #cycle ⇒ Enumerator #cycle(count) ⇒ Enumerator

#delete(obj) ⇒ `deleted_object` #delete(obj) {|nosuch| ... } ⇒ `deleted_object`, `block_return`

#delete_at(index) ⇒ `deleted_object`^?

#delete_if {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #delete_if ⇒ Enumerator

#difference(*other_arrays) ⇒ `Array`

#drop(n) ⇒ `Array`

#drop_while {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #drop_while ⇒ Enumerator

#each {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #each ⇒ Enumerator

#each_index {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #each_index ⇒ Enumerator

#eql?(other_array) ⇒ `Boolean`

#fetch(index) ⇒ `element` #fetch(index, default_value) ⇒ `element` #fetch(index) {|index| ... } ⇒ `element`

#fill(obj) ⇒ `self` #fill(obj, start) ⇒ `self` #fill(obj, start, length) ⇒ `self` #fill(obj, range) ⇒ `self` #fill {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #fill(start) {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #fill(start, length) {|index| ... } ⇒ `self` #fill(range) {|index| ... } ⇒ `self`

#select {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #select ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #select

#select! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self`^? #select! ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #select!

#index(object) ⇒ Integer^? #index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #index ⇒ Enumerator

#first ⇒ Object^? #first(n) ⇒ `Array`

#flatten ⇒ `Array` #flatten(level) ⇒ `Array`

#flatten! ⇒ `self`^? #flatten!(level) ⇒ `self`^?

#include?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

#index(object) ⇒ Integer^? #index {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #index ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #find_index

#replace(other_array) ⇒ `self` #initialize_copy(other_array) ⇒ `self`

#insert(index, *objects) ⇒ `self`

#intersect?(other_ary) ⇒ `Boolean`

#intersection(*other_arrays) ⇒ `Array`

#keep_if {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #keep_if ⇒ `new_enumeration`

#last ⇒ Object^? #last(n) ⇒ `Array`

#map {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #map ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #collect

#map! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #map! ⇒ Enumerator
Also known as: #collect!

#max ⇒ `element` #max {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `element` #max(n) ⇒ `Array` #max(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `Array`

#min ⇒ `element` #min {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `element` #min(n) ⇒ `Array` #min(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `Array`

#minmax ⇒ `Array`, `max_val` #minmax {|a, b| ... } ⇒ `Array`, `max_val`

#none? ⇒ `Boolean` #none? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #none?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

#one? ⇒ `Boolean` #one? {|element| ... } ⇒ `Boolean` #one?(obj) ⇒ `Boolean`

#permutation {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #permutation(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #permutation ⇒ Enumerator #permutation(n) ⇒ Enumerator

#pop ⇒ Object^? #pop(n) ⇒ `Array`

#prepend(*objects) ⇒ `self` Also known as: #unshift

#product(other_arrays) ⇒ `Array` #product(other_arrays) {|combination| ... } ⇒ `self`

#push(*objects) ⇒ `self` Also known as: #append

#rassoc(obj) ⇒ `Array`^?

#reject {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #reject ⇒ Enumerator

#reject! {|element| ... } ⇒ `self`^? #reject! ⇒ Enumerator

#repeated_combination(n) {|combination| ... } ⇒ `self` #repeated_combination(n) ⇒ Enumerator

#repeated_permutation(n) {|permutation| ... } ⇒ `self` #repeated_permutation(n) ⇒ Enumerator

#replace(other_array) ⇒ `self` Also known as: #initialize_copy

#reverse ⇒ `Array`

#reverse! ⇒ `self`

#reverse_each {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #reverse_each ⇒ Enumerator

#rindex(object) ⇒ Integer^? #rindex {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer^? #rindex ⇒ Enumerator

#rotate ⇒ `Array` #rotate(count) ⇒ `Array`

#rotate! ⇒ `self` #rotate!(count) ⇒ `self`

#sample(random: Random) ⇒ Object #sample(n, random: Random) ⇒ `Array`

#select {|element| ... } ⇒ `Array` #select ⇒ Enumerator