Class: Thread
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Classes:
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Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance Descendants | |
Subclasses:
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Inherits: | Object |
Defined in: | vm.c, thread.c, thread_sync.rb, vm_backtrace.c, vm_trace.c |
Overview
Threads are the Ruby implementation for a concurrent programming model.
Programs that require multiple threads of execution are a perfect candidate for Ruby’s Thread
class.
For example, we can create a new thread separate from the main thread’s execution using .new.
thr = Thread.new { puts "What's the big deal" }
Then we are able to pause the execution of the main thread and allow our new thread to finish, using #join:
thr.join #=> "What's the big deal"
If we don’t call thr.join
before the main thread terminates, then all other threads including thr
will be killed.
Alternatively, you can use an array for handling multiple threads at once, like in the following example:
threads = []
threads << Thread.new { puts "What's the big deal" }
threads << Thread.new { 3.times { puts "Threads are fun!" } }
After creating a few threads we wait for them all to finish consecutively.
threads.each { |thr| thr.join }
To retrieve the last value of a thread, use #value
thr = Thread.new { sleep 1; "Useful value" }
thr.value #=> "Useful value"
Thread initialization
In order to create new threads, Ruby provides .new, .start, and .fork. A block must be provided with each of these methods, otherwise a ::ThreadError
will be raised.
When subclassing the Thread
class, the #initialize method of your subclass will be ignored by .start and .fork. Otherwise, be sure to call super in your #initialize method.
Thread termination
For terminating threads, Ruby provides a variety of ways to do this.
The class method .kill, is meant to exit a given thread:
thr = Thread.new { sleep }
Thread.kill(thr) # sends exit() to thr
Alternatively, you can use the instance method #exit, or any of its aliases #kill or #terminate.
thr.exit
Thread status
Ruby provides a few instance methods for querying the state of a given thread. To get a string with the current thread’s state use #status
thr = Thread.new { sleep }
thr.status # => "sleep"
thr.exit
thr.status # => false
You can also use #alive? to tell if the thread is running or sleeping, and #stop? if the thread is dead or sleeping.
Thread variables and scope
Since threads are created with blocks, the same rules apply to other Ruby blocks for variable scope. Any local variables created within this block are accessible to only this thread.
Fiber-local vs. Thread-local
Each fiber has its own bucket for #[] storage. When you set a new fiber-local it is only accessible within this ::Fiber
. To illustrate:
Thread.new {
Thread.current[:foo] = "bar"
Fiber.new {
p Thread.current[:foo] # => nil
}.resume
}.join
This example uses #[] for getting and #[]= for setting fiber-locals, you can also use #keys to list the fiber-locals for a given thread and #key? to check if a fiber-local exists.
When it comes to thread-locals, they are accessible within the entire scope of the thread. Given the following example:
Thread.new{
Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:foo, 1)
p Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo) # => 1
Fiber.new{
Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:foo, 2)
p Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo) # => 2
}.resume
p Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo) # => 2
}.join
You can see that the thread-local :foo
carried over into the fiber and was changed to 2
by the end of the thread.
This example makes use of #thread_variable_set to create new thread-locals, and #thread_variable_get to reference them.
There is also #thread_variables to list all thread-locals, and #thread_variable? to check if a given thread-local exists.
Exception handling
When an unhandled exception is raised inside a thread, it will terminate. By default, this exception will not propagate to other threads. The exception is stored and when another thread calls #value or #join, the exception will be re-raised in that thread.
t = Thread.new{ raise 'something went wrong' }
t.value #=> RuntimeError: something went wrong
An exception can be raised from outside the thread using the #raise instance method, which takes the same parameters as Kernel.raise.
Setting .abort_on_exception = true, #abort_on_exception = true, or $DEBUG = true will cause a subsequent unhandled exception raised in a thread to be automatically re-raised in the main thread.
With the addition of the class method .handle_interrupt, you can now handle exceptions asynchronously with threads.
Scheduling
Ruby provides a few ways to support scheduling threads in your program.
The first way is by using the class method .stop, to put the current running thread to sleep and schedule the execution of another thread.
Once a thread is asleep, you can use the instance method #wakeup to mark your thread as eligible for scheduling.
You can also try .pass, which attempts to pass execution to another thread but is dependent on the OS whether a running thread will switch or not. The same goes for #priority, which lets you hint to the thread scheduler which threads you want to take precedence when passing execution. This method is also dependent on the OS and may be ignored on some platforms.
Class Attribute Summary
-
.abort_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
rw
Returns the status of the global “abort on exception” condition.
-
.abort_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
rw
When set to
true
, if any thread is aborted by an exception, the raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread. -
.ignore_deadlock ⇒ Boolean
rw
Returns the status of the global “ignore deadlock” condition.
-
.ignore_deadlock=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
rw
Returns the new state.
-
.report_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
rw
Returns the status of the global “report on exception” condition.
-
.report_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
rw
Returns the new state.
Class Method Summary
-
.current ⇒ Thread
Returns the currently executing thread.
-
.each_caller_location(...) {|loc| ... } ⇒ nil
Yields each frame of the current execution stack as a backtrace location object.
-
.exit ⇒ Thread
Terminates the currently running thread and schedules another thread to be run.
-
.fork([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
(also: .start)
Basically the same as .new.
-
.handle_interrupt(hash) ⇒ result of the block
Changes asynchronous interrupt timing.
-
.kill(thread) ⇒ Thread
Causes the given
thread
to exit, see also .exit. -
.list ⇒ Array
Returns an array of
Thread
objects for all threads that are either runnable or stopped. -
.main ⇒ Thread
Returns the main thread.
-
.new ⇒ Thread
constructor
Creates a new thread executing the given block.
-
.pass ⇒ nil
Give the thread scheduler a hint to pass execution to another thread.
-
.pending_interrupt?(error = nil) ⇒ Boolean
Returns whether or not the asynchronous queue is empty.
-
.start([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
Alias for .fork.
-
.stop ⇒ nil
Stops execution of the current thread, putting it into a “sleep” state, and schedules execution of another thread.
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#abort_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
rw
Returns the status of the thread-local “abort on exception” condition for this
thr
. -
#abort_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
rw
When set to
true
, if thisthr
is aborted by an exception, the raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread. -
#alive? ⇒ Boolean
readonly
Returns
true
ifthr
is running or sleeping. -
#name ⇒ String
rw
show the name of the thread.
-
#name=(name) ⇒ String
rw
set given name to the ruby thread.
-
#priority ⇒ Integer
rw
Returns the priority of thr.
-
#priority=(integer) ⇒ Thread
rw
Sets the priority of thr to integer.
-
#report_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
rw
Returns the status of the thread-local “report on exception” condition for this
thr
. -
#report_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
rw
When set to
true
, a message is printed on $stderr if an exception kills thisthr
. -
#stop? ⇒ Boolean
readonly
Returns
true
ifthr
is dead or sleeping.
Instance Method Summary
-
#[](sym) ⇒ Object?
Attribute Reference—Returns the value of a fiber-local variable (current thread’s root fiber if not explicitly inside a
::Fiber
), using either a symbol or a string name. -
#[]=(sym, obj) ⇒ Object
Attribute Assignment—Sets or creates the value of a fiber-local variable, using either a symbol or a string.
-
#add_trace_func(proc) ⇒ Proc
Adds proc as a handler for tracing.
-
#backtrace ⇒ Array?
Returns the current backtrace of the target thread.
-
#backtrace_locations(*args) ⇒ Array?
Returns the execution stack for the target thread—an array containing backtrace location objects.
-
#exit ⇒ Thread
(also: #kill, #terminate)
Terminates
thr
and schedules another thread to be run, returning the terminatedThread
. -
#fetch(sym) ⇒ Object
Returns a fiber-local for the given key.
-
#group ⇒ thgrp?
Returns the
::ThreadGroup
which contains the given thread. -
#inspect ⇒ String
Alias for #to_s.
-
#join ⇒ Thread
The calling thread will suspend execution and run this
thr
. -
#key?(sym) ⇒ Boolean
Returns
true
if the given string (or symbol) exists as a fiber-local variable. -
#keys ⇒ Array
Returns an array of the names of the fiber-local variables (as Symbols).
-
#kill ⇒ Thread
Alias for #exit.
-
#native_thread_id ⇒ Integer
Return the native thread ID which is used by the Ruby thread.
-
#pending_interrupt?(error = nil) ⇒ Boolean
Returns whether or not the asynchronous queue is empty for the target thread.
-
#raise
Raises an exception from the given thread.
-
#run ⇒ Thread
Wakes up
thr
, making it eligible for scheduling. -
#set_trace_func(proc) ⇒ Proc
Establishes proc on thr as the handler for tracing, or disables tracing if the parameter is
nil
. -
#status ⇒ String, ...
Returns the status of
thr
. -
#terminate ⇒ Thread
Alias for #exit.
-
#thread_variable?(key) ⇒ Boolean
Returns
true
if the given string (or symbol) exists as a thread-local variable. -
#thread_variable_get(key) ⇒ Object?
Returns the value of a thread local variable that has been set.
-
#thread_variable_set(key, value)
Sets a thread local with
key
to #value. -
#thread_variables ⇒ Array
Returns an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
-
#to_s ⇒ String
(also: #inspect)
Dump the name, id, and status of thr to a string.
-
#value ⇒ Object
Waits for
thr
to complete, using #join, and returns its value or raises the exception which terminated the thread. -
#wakeup ⇒ Thread
Marks a given thread as eligible for scheduling, however it may still remain blocked on I/O.
- #initialize(args) constructor Internal use only
Constructor Details
.new ⇒ Thread
.new(*args, &proc) ⇒ Thread
.new(*args) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
Thread
.new(*args, &proc) ⇒ Thread
.new(*args) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
Creates a new thread executing the given block.
Any args
given to .new
will be passed to the block:
arr = []
a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
Thread.new(a,b,c) { |d,e,f| arr << d << e << f }.join
arr #=> [1, 2, 3]
A ThreadError exception is raised if .new
is called without a block.
If you’re going to subclass Thread
, be sure to call super in your #initialize method, otherwise a ::ThreadError
will be raised.
# File 'thread.c', line 894
static VALUE thread_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass) { rb_thread_t *th; VALUE thread = rb_thread_alloc(klass); if (GET_RACTOR()->threads.main->status == THREAD_KILLED) { rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "can't alloc thread"); } rb_obj_call_init_kw(thread, argc, argv, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS); th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); if (!threadptr_initialized(th)) { rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "uninitialized thread - check '%"PRIsVALUE"#initialize'", klass); } return thread; }
#initialize(args)
# File 'thread.c', line 946
static VALUE thread_initialize(VALUE thread, VALUE args) { rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); if (!rb_block_given_p()) { rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "must be called with a block"); } else if (th->invoke_type != thread_invoke_type_none) { VALUE loc = threadptr_invoke_proc_location(th); if (!NIL_P(loc)) { rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "already initialized thread - %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE, RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1)); } else { rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "already initialized thread"); } } else { struct thread_create_params params = { .type = thread_invoke_type_proc, .args = args, .proc = rb_block_proc(), }; return thread_create_core(thread, ¶ms); } }
Class Attribute Details
.abort_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Returns the status of the global “abort on exception” condition.
The default is false
.
When set to true
, if any thread is aborted by an exception, the raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread.
Can also be specified by the global $DEBUG flag or command line option -d
.
See also .abort_on_exception=.
There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread, see #abort_on_exception.
# File 'thread.c', line 3016
static VALUE rb_thread_s_abort_exc(VALUE _) { return RBOOL(GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_abort_on_exception); }
.abort_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
When set to true
, if any thread is aborted by an exception, the raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread. Returns the new state.
Thread.abort_on_exception = true
t1 = Thread.new do
puts "In new thread"
raise "Exception from thread"
end
sleep(1)
puts "not reached"
This will produce:
In new thread
prog.rb:4: Exception from thread (RuntimeError)
from prog.rb:2:in `initialize'
from prog.rb:2:in `new'
from prog.rb:2
See also .abort_on_exception.
There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread, see #abort_on_exception=.
# File 'thread.c', line 3053
static VALUE rb_thread_s_abort_exc_set(VALUE self, VALUE val) { GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_abort_on_exception = RTEST(val); return val; }
.ignore_deadlock ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Returns the status of the global “ignore deadlock” condition. The default is false
, so that deadlock conditions are not ignored.
See also .ignore_deadlock=.
# File 'thread.c', line 3202
static VALUE rb_thread_s_ignore_deadlock(VALUE _) { return RBOOL(GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_ignore_deadlock); }
.ignore_deadlock=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Returns the new state. When set to true
, the VM will not check for deadlock conditions. It is only useful to set this if your application can break a deadlock condition via some other means, such as a signal.
Thread.ignore_deadlock = true
queue = Thread::Queue.new
trap(:SIGUSR1){queue.push "Received signal"}
# raises fatal error unless ignoring deadlock
puts queue.pop
See also .ignore_deadlock.
# File 'thread.c', line 3229
static VALUE rb_thread_s_ignore_deadlock_set(VALUE self, VALUE val) { GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_ignore_deadlock = RTEST(val); return val; }
.report_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Returns the status of the global “report on exception” condition.
The default is true
since Ruby 2.5.
All threads created when this flag is true will report a message on $stderr if an exception kills the thread.
Thread.new { 1.times { raise } }
will produce this output on $stderr:
#<Thread:...> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
Traceback (most recent call last):
2: from -e:1:in `block in <main>'
1: from -e:1:in `times'
This is done to catch errors in threads early. In some cases, you might not want this output. There are multiple ways to avoid the extra output:
-
If the exception is not intended, the best is to fix the cause of the exception so it does not happen anymore.
-
If the exception is intended, it might be better to rescue it closer to where it is raised rather then let it kill the Thread.
-
If it is guaranteed the
Thread
will be joined with #join or Thread#value, then it is safe to disable this report withThread.current.report_on_exception = false
when starting the Thread. However, this might handle the exception much later, or not at all if the Thread is never joined due to the parent thread being blocked, etc.
See also .report_on_exception=.
There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread, see #report_on_exception=.
# File 'thread.c', line 3146
static VALUE rb_thread_s_report_exc(VALUE _) { return RBOOL(GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_report_on_exception); }
.report_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Returns the new state. When set to true
, all threads created afterwards will inherit the condition and report a message on $stderr if an exception kills a thread:
Thread.report_on_exception = true
t1 = Thread.new do
puts "In new thread"
raise "Exception from thread"
end
sleep(1)
puts "In the main thread"
This will produce:
In new thread
#<Thread:...prog.rb:2> terminated with exception (report_on_exception is true):
Traceback (most recent call last):
prog.rb:4:in `block in <main>': Exception from thread (RuntimeError)
In the main thread
See also .report_on_exception.
There is also an instance level method to set this for a specific thread, see #report_on_exception=.
# File 'thread.c', line 3183
static VALUE rb_thread_s_report_exc_set(VALUE self, VALUE val) { GET_THREAD()->vm->thread_report_on_exception = RTEST(val); return val; }
Class Method Details
.current ⇒ Thread
Returns the currently executing thread.
Thread.current #=> #<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>
# File 'thread.c', line 2970
static VALUE thread_s_current(VALUE klass) { return rb_thread_current(); }
.each_caller_location(...) {|loc| ... } ⇒ nil
Yields each frame of the current execution stack as a backtrace location object.
# File 'vm_backtrace.c', line 1400
static VALUE each_caller_location(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE _) { rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC(); long n, lev = ec_backtrace_range(ec, argc, argv, 1, 1, &n); if (lev >= 0 && n != 0) { rb_ec_partial_backtrace_object(ec, lev, n, NULL, FALSE, TRUE); } return Qnil; }
.exit ⇒ Thread
Terminates the currently running thread and schedules another thread to be run.
If this thread is already marked to be killed, .exit
returns the Thread
.
If this is the main thread, or the last thread, exit the process.
# File 'thread.c', line 2808
static VALUE rb_thread_exit(VALUE _) { rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD(); return rb_thread_kill(th->self); }
.start([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
.fork([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
Also known as: .start
Thread
.fork([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
Basically the same as .new. However, if class Thread
is subclassed, then calling .start in that subclass will not invoke the subclass’s #initialize method.
# File 'thread.c', line 923
static VALUE thread_start(VALUE klass, VALUE args) { struct thread_create_params params = { .type = thread_invoke_type_proc, .args = args, .proc = rb_block_proc(), }; return thread_create_core(rb_thread_alloc(klass), ¶ms); }
.handle_interrupt(hash) ⇒ result
of
the
block
Changes asynchronous interrupt timing.
interrupt means asynchronous event and corresponding procedure by #raise, #kill, signal trap (not supported yet) and main thread termination (if main thread terminates, then all other thread will be killed).
The given hash
has pairs like ExceptionClass => :TimingSymbol
. Where the ExceptionClass is the interrupt handled by the given block. The TimingSymbol can be one of the following symbols:
:immediate
-
Invoke interrupts immediately.
:on_blocking
-
Invoke interrupts while BlockingOperation.
:never
-
Never invoke all interrupts.
BlockingOperation means that the operation will block the calling thread, such as read and write. On CRuby implementation, BlockingOperation is any operation executed without GVL.
Masked asynchronous interrupts are delayed until they are enabled. This method is similar to sigprocmask(3).
NOTE
Asynchronous interrupts are difficult to use.
If you need to communicate between threads, please consider to use another way such as ::Thread::Queue
.
Or use them with deep understanding about this method.
Usage
In this example, we can guard from #raise exceptions.
Using the :never
TimingSymbol the ::RuntimeError
exception will always be ignored in the first block of the main thread. In the second .handle_interrupt
block we can purposefully handle ::RuntimeError
exceptions.
th = Thread.new do
Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :never) {
begin
# You can write resource allocation code safely.
Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :immediate) {
# ...
}
ensure
# You can write resource deallocation code safely.
end
}
end
Thread.pass
# ...
th.raise "stop"
While we are ignoring the ::RuntimeError
exception, it’s safe to write our resource allocation code. Then, the ensure block is where we can safely deallocate your resources.
Stack control settings
It’s possible to stack multiple levels of .handle_interrupt
blocks in order to control more than one ExceptionClass and TimingSymbol at a time.
Thread.handle_interrupt(FooError => :never) {
Thread.handle_interrupt(BarError => :never) {
# FooError and BarError are prohibited.
}
}
Inheritance with ExceptionClass
All exceptions inherited from the ExceptionClass parameter will be considered.
Thread.handle_interrupt(Exception => :never) {
# all exceptions inherited from Exception are prohibited.
}
For handling all interrupts, use ::Object
and not ::Exception
as the ExceptionClass, as kill/terminate interrupts are not handled by ::Exception
.
# File 'thread.c', line 2257
static VALUE rb_thread_s_handle_interrupt(VALUE self, VALUE mask_arg) { VALUE mask = Qundef; rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC(); rb_thread_t * volatile th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec); volatile VALUE r = Qnil; enum ruby_tag_type state; if (!rb_block_given_p()) { rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "block is needed."); } mask_arg = rb_to_hash_type(mask_arg); if (OBJ_FROZEN(mask_arg) && rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(mask_arg)) { mask = Qnil; } rb_hash_foreach(mask_arg, handle_interrupt_arg_check_i, (VALUE)&mask); if (UNDEF_P(mask)) { return rb_yield(Qnil); } if (!RTEST(mask)) { mask = mask_arg; } else if (RB_TYPE_P(mask, T_HASH)) { OBJ_FREEZE(mask); } rb_ary_push(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack, mask); if (!rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(th)) { th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0; RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th->ec); } EC_PUSH_TAG(th->ec); if ((state = EC_EXEC_TAG()) == TAG_NONE) { r = rb_yield(Qnil); } EC_POP_TAG(); rb_ary_pop(th->pending_interrupt_mask_stack); if (!rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(th)) { th->pending_interrupt_queue_checked = 0; RUBY_VM_SET_INTERRUPT(th->ec); } RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(th->ec); if (state) { EC_JUMP_TAG(th->ec, state); } return r; }
.kill(thread) ⇒ Thread
# File 'thread.c', line 2789
static VALUE rb_thread_s_kill(VALUE obj, VALUE th) { return rb_thread_kill(th); }
.list ⇒ Array
Returns an array of Thread
objects for all threads that are either runnable or stopped.
Thread.new { sleep(200) }
Thread.new { 1000000.times {|i| i*i } }
Thread.new { Thread.stop }
Thread.list.each {|t| p t}
This will produce:
#<Thread:0x401b3e84 sleep>
#<Thread:0x401b3f38 run>
#<Thread:0x401b3fb0 sleep>
#<Thread:0x401bdf4c run>
# File 'thread.c', line 2949
static VALUE thread_list(VALUE _) { return rb_thread_list(); }
.main ⇒ Thread
Returns the main thread.
# File 'thread.c', line 2989
static VALUE rb_thread_s_main(VALUE klass) { return rb_thread_main(); }
.pass ⇒ nil
Give the thread scheduler a hint to pass execution to another thread. A running thread may or may not switch, it depends on OS and processor.
# File 'thread.c', line 1955
static VALUE thread_s_pass(VALUE klass) { rb_thread_schedule(); return Qnil; }
.pending_interrupt?(error = nil) ⇒ Boolean
Returns whether or not the asynchronous queue is empty.
Since .handle_interrupt can be used to defer asynchronous events, this method can be used to determine if there are any deferred events.
If you find this method returns true, then you may finish :never
blocks.
For example, the following method processes deferred asynchronous events immediately.
def Thread.kick_interrupt_immediately
Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :immediate) {
Thread.pass
}
end
If error
is given, then check only for error
type deferred events.
Usage
th = Thread.new{
Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking){
while true
#...
# reach safe point to invoke interrupt
if Thread.pending_interrupt?
Thread.handle_interrupt(Object => :immediate){}
end
#...
end
}
}
#...
th.raise # stop thread
This example can also be written as the following, which you should use to avoid asynchronous interrupts.
flag = true
th = Thread.new{
Thread.handle_interrupt(RuntimeError => :on_blocking){
while true
#...
# reach safe point to invoke interrupt
break if flag == false
#...
end
}
}
#...
flag = false # stop thread
# File 'thread.c', line 2406
static VALUE rb_thread_s_pending_interrupt_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) { return rb_thread_pending_interrupt_p(argc, argv, GET_THREAD()->self); }
.start([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
.fork([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
Thread
.fork([args]*) {|args| ... } ⇒ Thread
Alias for .fork.
.stop ⇒ nil
# File 'thread.c', line 2914
static VALUE thread_stop(VALUE _) { return rb_thread_stop(); }
Instance Attribute Details
#abort_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Returns the status of the thread-local “abort on exception” condition for this thr
.
The default is false
.
See also #abort_on_exception=.
There is also a class level method to set this for all threads, see .abort_on_exception.
# File 'thread.c', line 3076
static VALUE rb_thread_abort_exc(VALUE thread) { return RBOOL(rb_thread_ptr(thread)->abort_on_exception); }
#abort_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
When set to true
, if this thr
is aborted by an exception, the raised exception will be re-raised in the main thread.
See also #abort_on_exception.
There is also a class level method to set this for all threads, see .abort_on_exception=.
# File 'thread.c', line 3096
static VALUE rb_thread_abort_exc_set(VALUE thread, VALUE val) { rb_thread_ptr(thread)->abort_on_exception = RTEST(val); return val; }
#alive? ⇒ Boolean
(readonly)
# File 'thread.c', line 3385
static VALUE rb_thread_alive_p(VALUE thread) { return RBOOL(!thread_finished(rb_thread_ptr(thread))); }
#name ⇒ String (rw)
show the name of the thread.
# File 'thread.c', line 3423
static VALUE rb_thread_getname(VALUE thread) { return rb_thread_ptr(thread)->name; }
#name=(name) ⇒ String (rw)
set given name to the ruby thread. On some platform, it may set the name to pthread and/or kernel.
# File 'thread.c', line 3437
static VALUE rb_thread_setname(VALUE thread, VALUE name) { rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); if (!NIL_P(name)) { rb_encoding *enc; StringValueCStr(name); enc = rb_enc_get(name); if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) { rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ASCII incompatible encoding (%s)", rb_enc_name(enc)); } name = rb_str_new_frozen(name); } target_th->name = name; if (threadptr_initialized(target_th) && target_th->has_dedicated_nt) { native_set_another_thread_name(target_th->nt->thread_id, name); } return name; }
#priority ⇒ Integer (rw)
Returns the priority of thr. Default is inherited from the current thread which creating the new thread, or zero for the initial main thread; higher-priority thread will run more frequently than lower-priority threads (but lower-priority threads can also run).
This is just hint for Ruby thread scheduler. It may be ignored on some platform.
Thread.current.priority #=> 0
# File 'thread.c', line 3935
static VALUE rb_thread_priority(VALUE thread) { return INT2NUM(rb_thread_ptr(thread)->priority); }
#priority=(integer) ⇒ Thread
(rw)
Sets the priority of thr to integer. Higher-priority threads will run more frequently than lower-priority threads (but lower-priority threads can also run).
This is just hint for Ruby thread scheduler. It may be ignored on some platform.
count1 = count2 = 0
a = Thread.new do
loop { count1 += 1 }
end
a.priority = -1
b = Thread.new do
loop { count2 += 1 }
end
b.priority = -2
sleep 1 #=> 1
count1 #=> 622504
count2 #=> 5832
# File 'thread.c', line 3968
static VALUE rb_thread_priority_set(VALUE thread, VALUE prio) { rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); int priority; #if USE_NATIVE_THREAD_PRIORITY target_th->priority = NUM2INT(prio); native_thread_apply_priority(th); #else priority = NUM2INT(prio); if (priority > RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX) { priority = RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MAX; } else if (priority < RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN) { priority = RUBY_THREAD_PRIORITY_MIN; } target_th->priority = (int8_t)priority; #endif return INT2NUM(target_th->priority); }
#report_on_exception ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Returns the status of the thread-local “report on exception” condition for this thr
.
The default value when creating a Thread
is the value of the global flag .report_on_exception.
See also #report_on_exception=.
There is also a class level method to set this for all new threads, see .report_on_exception=.
# File 'thread.c', line 3253
static VALUE rb_thread_report_exc(VALUE thread) { return RBOOL(rb_thread_ptr(thread)->report_on_exception); }
#report_on_exception=(boolean) ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
When set to true
, a message is printed on $stderr if an exception kills this thr
. See .report_on_exception for details.
See also #report_on_exception.
There is also a class level method to set this for all new threads, see .report_on_exception=.
# File 'thread.c', line 3273
static VALUE rb_thread_report_exc_set(VALUE thread, VALUE val) { rb_thread_ptr(thread)->report_on_exception = RTEST(val); return val; }
#stop? ⇒ Boolean
(readonly)
# File 'thread.c', line 3405
static VALUE rb_thread_stop_p(VALUE thread) { rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); if (rb_threadptr_dead(th)) { return Qtrue; } return RBOOL(th->status == THREAD_STOPPED || th->status == THREAD_STOPPED_FOREVER); }
Instance Method Details
#[](sym) ⇒ Object?
Attribute Reference—Returns the value of a fiber-local variable (current thread’s root fiber if not explicitly inside a ::Fiber
), using either a symbol or a string name. If the specified variable does not exist, returns nil
.
[
Thread.new { Thread.current["name"] = "A" },
Thread.new { Thread.current[:name] = "B" },
Thread.new { Thread.current["name"] = "C" }
].each do |th|
th.join
puts "#{th.inspect}: #{th[:name]}"
end
This will produce:
#<Thread:0x00000002a54220 dead>: A
#<Thread:0x00000002a541a8 dead>: B
#<Thread:0x00000002a54130 dead>: C
[]
and #[]= are not thread-local but fiber-local. This confusion did not exist in Ruby 1.8 because fibers are only available since Ruby 1.9. Ruby 1.9 chooses that the methods behaves fiber-local to save following idiom for dynamic scope.
def meth(newvalue)
begin
oldvalue = Thread.current[:name]
Thread.current[:name] = newvalue
yield
ensure
Thread.current[:name] = oldvalue
end
end
The idiom may not work as dynamic scope if the methods are thread-local and a given block switches fiber.
f = Fiber.new {
meth(1) {
Fiber.yield
}
}
meth(2) {
f.resume
}
f.resume
p Thread.current[:name]
#=> nil if fiber-local
#=> 2 if thread-local (The value 2 is leaked to outside of meth method.)
For thread-local variables, please see #thread_variable_get and #thread_variable_set.
# File 'thread.c', line 3610
static VALUE rb_thread_aref(VALUE thread, VALUE key) { ID id = rb_check_id(&key); if (!id) return Qnil; return rb_thread_local_aref(thread, id); }
#[]=(sym, obj) ⇒ Object
Attribute Assignment—Sets or creates the value of a fiber-local variable, using either a symbol or a string.
See also #[].
For thread-local variables, please see #thread_variable_set and #thread_variable_get.
# File 'thread.c', line 3715
static VALUE rb_thread_aset(VALUE self, VALUE id, VALUE val) { return rb_thread_local_aset(self, rb_to_id(id), val); }
#add_trace_func(proc) ⇒ Proc
Adds proc as a handler for tracing.
See #set_trace_func and Kernel.set_trace_func.
# File 'vm_trace.c', line 614
static VALUE thread_add_trace_func_m(VALUE obj, VALUE trace) { thread_add_trace_func(GET_EC(), rb_thread_ptr(obj), trace); return trace; }
#backtrace ⇒ Array?
Returns the current backtrace of the target thread.
# File 'thread.c', line 5357
static VALUE rb_thread_backtrace_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE thval) { return rb_vm_thread_backtrace(argc, argv, thval); }
#backtrace_locations(*args) ⇒ Array?
Returns the execution stack for the target thread—an array containing backtrace location objects.
See ::Thread::Backtrace::Location
for more information.
This method behaves similarly to Kernel.caller_locations except it applies to a specific thread.
# File 'thread.c', line 5374
static VALUE rb_thread_backtrace_locations_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE thval) { return rb_vm_thread_backtrace_locations(argc, argv, thval); }
#exit ⇒ Thread
#kill ⇒ Thread
#terminate ⇒ Thread
Also known as: #kill, #terminate
Thread
#kill ⇒ Thread
#terminate ⇒ Thread
Terminates thr
and schedules another thread to be run, returning the terminated Thread
. If this is the main thread, or the last thread, exits the process.
# File 'thread.c', line 2737
VALUE rb_thread_kill(VALUE thread) { rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); if (target_th->to_kill || target_th->status == THREAD_KILLED) { return thread; } if (target_th == target_th->vm->ractor.main_thread) { rb_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } RUBY_DEBUG_LOG("target_th:%u", rb_th_serial(target_th)); if (target_th == GET_THREAD()) { /* kill myself immediately */ rb_threadptr_to_kill(target_th); } else { threadptr_check_pending_interrupt_queue(target_th); rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_enque(target_th, RUBY_FATAL_THREAD_KILLED); rb_threadptr_interrupt(target_th); } return thread; }
Returns a fiber-local for the given key. If the key can’t be found, there are several options: With no other arguments, it will raise a ::KeyError
exception; if default is given, then that will be returned; if the optional code block is specified, then that will be run and its result returned. See #[] and Hash#fetch.
# File 'thread.c', line 3631
static VALUE rb_thread_fetch(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) { VALUE key, val; ID id; rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(self); int block_given; rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2); key = argv[0]; block_given = rb_block_given_p(); if (block_given && argc == 2) { rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument"); } id = rb_check_id(&key); if (id == recursive_key) { return target_th->ec->local_storage_recursive_hash; } else if (id && target_th->ec->local_storage && rb_id_table_lookup(target_th->ec->local_storage, id, &val)) { return val; } else if (block_given) { return rb_yield(key); } else if (argc == 1) { rb_key_err_raise(rb_sprintf("key not found: %+"PRIsVALUE, key), self, key); } else { return argv[1]; } }
#group ⇒ thgrp
?
Returns the ::ThreadGroup
which contains the given thread.
Thread.main.group #=> #<ThreadGroup:0x4029d914>
# File 'thread.c', line 3290
VALUE rb_thread_group(VALUE thread) { return rb_thread_ptr(thread)->thgroup; }
Alias for #to_s.
#join ⇒ Thread
#join(limit) ⇒ Thread
Thread
#join(limit) ⇒ Thread
The calling thread will suspend execution and run this thr
.
Does not return until thr
exits or until the given limit
seconds have passed.
If the time limit expires, nil
will be returned, otherwise thr
is returned.
Any threads not joined will be killed when the main program exits.
If thr
had previously raised an exception and the .abort_on_exception or $DEBUG flags are not set, (so the exception has not yet been processed), it will be processed at this time.
a = Thread.new { print "a"; sleep(10); print "b"; print "c" }
x = Thread.new { print "x"; Thread.pass; print "y"; print "z" }
x.join # Let thread x finish, thread a will be killed on exit.
#=> "axyz"
The following example illustrates the limit
parameter.
y = Thread.new { 4.times { sleep 0.1; puts 'tick... ' }}
puts "Waiting" until y.join(0.15)
This will produce:
tick...
Waiting
tick...
Waiting
tick...
tick...
# File 'thread.c', line 1176
static VALUE thread_join_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) { VALUE timeout = Qnil; rb_hrtime_t rel = 0, *limit = 0; if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) { timeout = argv[0]; } // Convert the timeout eagerly, so it's always converted and deterministic /* * This supports INFINITY and negative values, so we can't use * rb_time_interval right now... */ if (NIL_P(timeout)) { /* unlimited */ } else if (FIXNUM_P(timeout)) { rel = rb_sec2hrtime(NUM2TIMET(timeout)); limit = &rel; } else { limit = double2hrtime(&rel, rb_num2dbl(timeout)); } return thread_join(rb_thread_ptr(self), timeout, limit); }
#key?(sym) ⇒ Boolean
Returns true
if the given string (or symbol) exists as a fiber-local variable.
me = Thread.current
me[:oliver] = "a"
me.key?(:oliver) #=> true
me.key?(:stanley) #=> false
# File 'thread.c', line 3797
static VALUE rb_thread_key_p(VALUE self, VALUE key) { VALUE val; ID id = rb_check_id(&key); struct rb_id_table *local_storage = rb_thread_ptr(self)->ec->local_storage; if (!id || local_storage == NULL) { return Qfalse; } return RBOOL(rb_id_table_lookup(local_storage, id, &val)); }
#keys ⇒ Array
# File 'thread.c', line 3838
static VALUE rb_thread_keys(VALUE self) { struct rb_id_table *local_storage = rb_thread_ptr(self)->ec->local_storage; VALUE ary = rb_ary_new(); if (local_storage) { rb_id_table_foreach(local_storage, thread_keys_i, (void *)ary); } return ary; }
#exit ⇒ Thread
#kill ⇒ Thread
#terminate ⇒ Thread
Thread
#kill ⇒ Thread
#terminate ⇒ Thread
Alias for #exit.
#native_thread_id ⇒ Integer
Return the native thread ID which is used by the Ruby thread.
The ID depends on the OS. (not POSIX thread ID returned by pthread_self(3))
-
On Linux it is TID returned by gettid(2).
-
On macOS it is the system-wide unique integral ID of thread returned by pthread_threadid_np(3).
-
On FreeBSD it is the unique integral ID of the thread returned by pthread_getthreadid_np(3).
-
On Windows it is the thread identifier returned by GetThreadId().
-
On other platforms, it raises
::NotImplementedError
.
NOTE: If the thread is not associated yet or already deassociated with a native thread, it returns nil. If the Ruby implementation uses M:N thread model, the ID may change depending on the timing.
# File 'thread.c', line 3482
static VALUE rb_thread_native_thread_id(VALUE thread) { rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); if (rb_threadptr_dead(target_th)) return Qnil; return native_thread_native_thread_id(target_th); }
#pending_interrupt?(error = nil) ⇒ Boolean
Returns whether or not the asynchronous queue is empty for the target thread.
If error
is given, then check only for error
type deferred events.
See .pending_interrupt? for more information.
# File 'thread.c', line 2326
static VALUE rb_thread_pending_interrupt_p(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE target_thread) { rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(target_thread); if (!target_th->pending_interrupt_queue) { return Qfalse; } if (rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_empty_p(target_th)) { return Qfalse; } if (rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1)) { VALUE err = argv[0]; if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_cModule)) { rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "class or module required for rescue clause"); } return RBOOL(rb_threadptr_pending_interrupt_include_p(target_th, err)); } else { return Qtrue; } }
#raise
#raise(string)
#raise(exception [, string [, array]])
Raises an exception from the given thread. The caller does not have to be thr
. See Kernel.raise for more information.
Thread.abort_on_exception = true
a = Thread.new { sleep(200) }
a.raise("Gotcha")
This will produce:
prog.rb:3: Gotcha (RuntimeError)
from prog.rb:2:in `initialize'
from prog.rb:2:in `new'
from prog.rb:2
# File 'thread.c', line 2709
static VALUE thread_raise_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) { rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(self); const rb_thread_t *current_th = GET_THREAD(); threadptr_check_pending_interrupt_queue(target_th); rb_threadptr_raise(target_th, argc, argv); /* To perform Thread.current.raise as Kernel.raise */ if (current_th == target_th) { RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(target_th->ec); } return Qnil; }
#run ⇒ Thread
# File 'thread.c', line 2879
VALUE rb_thread_run(VALUE thread) { rb_thread_wakeup(thread); rb_thread_schedule(); return thread; }
#set_trace_func(proc) ⇒ Proc
#set_trace_func(nil) ⇒ nil
nil
Establishes proc on thr as the handler for tracing, or disables tracing if the parameter is nil
.
# File 'vm_trace.c', line 632
static VALUE thread_set_trace_func_m(VALUE target_thread, VALUE trace) { rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC(); rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(target_thread); rb_threadptr_remove_event_hook(ec, target_th, call_trace_func, Qundef); if (NIL_P(trace)) { return Qnil; } else { thread_add_trace_func(ec, target_th, trace); return trace; } }
#status ⇒ String, ...
Returns the status of thr
.
"sleep"
-
Returned if this thread is sleeping or waiting on I/O
"run"
-
When this thread is executing
"aborting"
-
If this thread is aborting
false
-
When this thread is terminated normally
nil
-
If terminated with an exception.
a = Thread.new { raise("die now") }
b = Thread.new { Thread.stop }
c = Thread.new { Thread.exit }
d = Thread.new { sleep }
d.kill #=> #<Thread:0x401b3678 aborting>
a.status #=> nil
b.status #=> "sleep"
c.status #=> false
d.status #=> "aborting"
Thread.current.status #=> "run"
# File 'thread.c', line 3351
static VALUE rb_thread_status(VALUE thread) { rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); if (rb_threadptr_dead(target_th)) { if (!NIL_P(target_th->ec->errinfo) && !FIXNUM_P(target_th->ec->errinfo)) { return Qnil; } else { return Qfalse; } } else { return rb_str_new2(thread_status_name(target_th, FALSE)); } }
#exit ⇒ Thread
#kill ⇒ Thread
#terminate ⇒ Thread
Thread
#kill ⇒ Thread
#terminate ⇒ Thread
Alias for #exit.
#thread_variable?(key) ⇒ Boolean
Returns true
if the given string (or symbol) exists as a thread-local variable.
me = Thread.current
me.thread_variable_set(:oliver, "a")
me.thread_variable?(:oliver) #=> true
me.thread_variable?(:stanley) #=> false
Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see #[] and #thread_variable_get for more details.
# File 'thread.c', line 3906
static VALUE rb_thread_variable_p(VALUE thread, VALUE key) { VALUE locals; VALUE symbol = rb_to_symbol(key); if (LIKELY(!THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(thread))) { return Qfalse; } locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread); return RBOOL(rb_hash_lookup(locals, symbol) != Qnil); }
#thread_variable_get(key) ⇒ Object?
Returns the value of a thread local variable that has been set. Note that these are different than fiber local values. For fiber local values, please see #[] and #[]=.
Thread
local values are carried along with threads, and do not respect fibers. For example:
Thread.new {
Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar") # set a thread local
Thread.current["foo"] = "bar" # set a fiber local
Fiber.new {
Fiber.yield [
Thread.current.thread_variable_get("foo"), # get the thread local
Thread.current["foo"], # get the fiber local
]
}.resume
}.join.value # => ['bar', nil]
The value “bar” is returned for the thread local, where nil is returned for the fiber local. The fiber is executed in the same thread, so the thread local values are available.
# File 'thread.c', line 3749
static VALUE rb_thread_variable_get(VALUE thread, VALUE key) { VALUE locals; VALUE symbol = rb_to_symbol(key); if (LIKELY(!THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(thread))) { return Qnil; } locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread); return rb_hash_aref(locals, symbol); }
#thread_variable_set(key, value)
Sets a thread local with key
to #value. Note that these are local to threads, and not to fibers. Please see #thread_variable_get and #[] for more information.
# File 'thread.c', line 3771
static VALUE rb_thread_variable_set(VALUE thread, VALUE key, VALUE val) { VALUE locals; if (OBJ_FROZEN(thread)) { rb_frozen_error_raise(thread, "can't modify frozen thread locals"); } locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread); return rb_hash_aset(locals, rb_to_symbol(key), val); }
#thread_variables ⇒ Array
Returns an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
thr = Thread.new do
Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:cat, 'meow')
Thread.current.thread_variable_set("dog", 'woof')
end
thr.join #=> #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
thr.thread_variables #=> [:dog, :cat]
Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see #[] and #thread_variable_get for more details.
# File 'thread.c', line 3874
static VALUE rb_thread_variables(VALUE thread) { VALUE locals; VALUE ary; ary = rb_ary_new(); if (LIKELY(!THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE_INITIALISED_P(thread))) { return ary; } locals = rb_thread_local_storage(thread); rb_hash_foreach(locals, keys_i, ary); return ary; }
#to_s ⇒ String Also known as: #inspect
Dump the name, id, and status of thr to a string.
# File 'thread.c', line 3500
static VALUE rb_thread_to_s(VALUE thread) { VALUE cname = rb_class_path(rb_obj_class(thread)); rb_thread_t *target_th = rb_thread_ptr(thread); const char *status; VALUE str, loc; status = thread_status_name(target_th, TRUE); str = rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE":%p", cname, (void *)thread); if (!NIL_P(target_th->name)) { rb_str_catf(str, "@%"PRIsVALUE, target_th->name); } if ((loc = threadptr_invoke_proc_location(target_th)) != Qnil) { rb_str_catf(str, " %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE, RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1)); } rb_str_catf(str, " %s>", status); return str; }
#value ⇒ Object
# File 'thread.c', line 1219
static VALUE thread_value(VALUE self) { rb_thread_t *th = rb_thread_ptr(self); thread_join(th, Qnil, 0); if (UNDEF_P(th->value)) { // If the thread is dead because we forked th->value is still Qundef. return Qnil; } return th->value; }
#wakeup ⇒ Thread
# File 'thread.c', line 2832
VALUE rb_thread_wakeup(VALUE thread) { if (!RTEST(rb_thread_wakeup_alive(thread))) { rb_raise(rb_eThreadError, "killed thread"); } return thread; }