Class: Range

Relationships & Source Files
Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance
Instance Chain: self, `::Enumerable`
Inherits:	Object
Defined in:	range.c

Overview

A Range object represents a collection of values that are between given begin and end values.

You can create an Range object explicitly with:

A range literal:

# Ranges that use '..' to include the given end value.
(1..4).to_a      # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
('a'..'d').to_a  # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
# Ranges that use '...' to exclude the given end value.
(1...4).to_a     # => [1, 2, 3]
('a'...'d').to_a # => ["a", "b", "c"]

A range may be created using method .new:

# Ranges that by default include the given end value.
Range.new(1, 4).to_a     # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
Range.new('a', 'd').to_a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
# Ranges that use third argument exclude_end to exclude the given end value.
Range.new(1, 4, true).to_a     # => [1, 2, 3]
Range.new('a', 'd', true).to_a # => ["a", "b", "c"]

Beginless Ranges

A beginless range has a definite end value, but a nil begin value. Such a range includes all values up to the end value.

r = (..4)               # => nil..4
r.begin                 # => nil
r.include?(-50)         # => true
r.include?(4)           # => true

r = (...4)              # => nil...4
r.include?(4)           # => false

Range.new(nil, 4)       # => nil..4
Range.new(nil, 4, true) # => nil...4

A beginless range may be used to slice an array:

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
r = (..2) # => nil...2
a[r]      # => [1, 2]

Method #each for a beginless range raises an exception.

Endless Ranges

An endless range has a definite begin value, but a nil end value. Such a range includes all values from the begin value.

r = (1..)         # => 1..
r.end             # => nil
r.include?(50)    # => true

Range.new(1, nil) # => 1..

The literal for an endless range may be written with either two dots or three. The range has the same elements, either way. But note that the two are not equal:

r0 = (1..)           # => 1..
r1 = (1...)          # => 1...
r0.begin == r1.begin # => true
r0.end == r1.end     # => true
r0 == r1             # => false

An endless range may be used to slice an array:

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
r = (2..) # => 2..
a[r]      # => [3, 4]

Method #each for an endless range calls the given block indefinitely:

a = []
r = (1..)
r.each do |i|
  a.push(i) if i.even?
  break if i > 10
end
a # => [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Ranges and Other Classes

An object may be put into a range if its class implements instance method <=>. Ruby core classes that do so include ::Array, ::Complex, ::File::Stat, ::Float, ::Integer, ::Kernel, ::Module, ::Numeric, ::Rational, ::String, ::Symbol, and ::Time.

Example:

t0 = Time.now         # => 2021-09-19 09:22:48.4854986 -0500
t1 = Time.now         # => 2021-09-19 09:22:56.0365079 -0500
t2 = Time.now         # => 2021-09-19 09:23:08.5263283 -0500
(t0..t2).include?(t1) # => true
(t0..t1).include?(t2) # => false

A range can be iterated over only if its elements implement instance method succ. Ruby core classes that do so include ::Integer, ::String, and ::Symbol (but not the other classes mentioned above).

Iterator methods include:

In Range itself: #each, #step, and #%
Included from module Enumerable: #each_entry, #each_with_index, #each_with_object, #each_slice, #each_cons, and #reverse_each.

Example:

a = []
(1..4).each {|i| a.push(i) }
a # => [1, 2, 3, 4]

Ranges and User-Defined Classes

A user-defined class that is to be used in a range must implement instance <=>; see Integer#<=>. To make iteration available, it must also implement instance method succ; see Integer#succ.

The class below implements both <=> and succ, and so can be used both to construct ranges and to iterate over them. Note that the ::Comparable module is included so the #== method is defined in terms of <=>.

# Represent a string of 'X' characters.
class Xs
  include Comparable
  attr_accessor :length
  def initialize(n)
    @length = n
  end
  def succ
    Xs.new(@length + 1)
  end
  def <=>(other)
    @length <=> other.length
  end
  def to_s
    sprintf "%2d #{inspect}", @length
  end
  def inspect
    'X' * @length
  end
end

r = Xs.new(3)..Xs.new(6) #=> XXX..XXXXXX
r.to_a                   #=> [XXX, XXXX, XXXXX, XXXXXX]
r.include?(Xs.new(5))    #=> true
r.include?(Xs.new(7))    #=> false

What’s Here

First, what’s elsewhere. Class Range:

Inherits from [class Object](Object.html#class-Object-label-What-27s+Here).
Includes [module Enumerable](Enumerable.html#module-Enumerable-label-What-27s+Here), which provides dozens of additional methods.

Here, class Range provides methods that are useful for:

Creating a
Querying
Comparing
Iterating
Converting

Methods for Creating a Range

::new

Returns a new range.

Methods for Querying

#begin

Returns the begin value given for self.
#bsearch

Returns an element from self selected by a binary search.
#count

Returns a count of elements in self.
#end

Returns the end value given for self.
#exclude_end?

Returns whether the end object is excluded.
#first

Returns the first elements of self.
#hash

Returns the integer hash code.
#last

Returns the last elements of self.
#max

Returns the maximum values in self.
#min

Returns the minimum values in self.
#minmax

Returns the minimum and maximum values in self.
#size

Returns the count of elements in self.

Methods for Comparing

#==
Returns whether a given object is equal to self
```
(uses #==).
```
#===

Returns whether the given object is between the begin and end values.
#cover?

Returns whether a given object is within self.
#eql?

Returns whether a given object is equal to self (uses #eql?).
#include? (aliased as #member?)

Returns whether a given object
```
is an element of self.
```

Methods for Iterating

#%

Requires argument n; calls the block with each n-th element of self.
#each

Calls the block with each element of self.

#step

Takes optional argument n (defaults to 1);

calls the block with each n-th element of self.

Methods for Converting

#inspect

Returns a string representation of self (uses #inspect).
#to_a (aliased as #entries)

Returns elements of self in an array.
#to_s

Returns a string representation of self (uses #to_s).

Class Method Summary

.new(begin, end, exclude_end = false) ⇒ Range constructor

Returns a new range based on the given objects #begin and #end.

Instance Attribute Summary

#exclude_end? ⇒ Boolean readonly

Returns true if self excludes its end value; false otherwise:

Instance Method Summary

#%(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Iterates over the elements of self.
#==(other) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if and only if:
#===(object) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if object is between self.begin and self.end.
#begin ⇒ Object

Returns the object that defines the beginning of self.
#bsearch {|obj| ... } ⇒ value

Returns an element from self selected by a binary search.
#count ⇒ Integer

Returns the count of elements, based on an argument or block criterion, if given.
#cover?(object) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if the given argument is within self, false otherwise.
#each {|element| ... } ⇒ self

With a block given, passes each element of self to the block:
#end ⇒ Object

Returns the object that defines the end of self.
#entries ⇒ Array

Alias for #to_a.
#eql?(other) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if and only if:
#first ⇒ Object

With no argument, returns the first element of self, if it exists:
#hash ⇒ Integer

Returns the integer hash value for self.
#include?(object) ⇒ Boolean

Alias for #member?.
#inspect ⇒ String

Returns a string representation of self, including begin.inspect and end.inspect:
#last ⇒ Object

With no argument, returns the last element of self, if it exists:
#max ⇒ Object

Returns the maximum value in self, using method <=> or a given block for comparison.
#include?(object) ⇒ Boolean (also: #include?)

Returns true if object is an element of self, false otherwise:
#min ⇒ Object

Returns the minimum value in self, using method <=> or a given block for comparison.
#minmax ⇒ Array, Object

Returns a 2-element array containing the minimum and maximum value in self, either according to comparison method <=> or a given block.
#size ⇒ non_negative_integer, ...

Returns the count of elements in self if both begin and end values are numeric; otherwise, returns nil:
#step(n = 1) {|element| ... } ⇒ self

Iterates over the elements of self.
#to_a ⇒ Array (also: #entries)

Returns an array containing the elements in self, if a finite collection; raises an exception otherwise.
#to_s ⇒ String

Returns a string representation of self, including begin.to_s and end.to_s:
#initialize_copy(orig) Internal use only

`::Enumerable` - Included

#all?	Returns whether every element meets a given criterion.
#any?	Returns whether any element meets a given criterion.
#chain	Returns an enumerator object generated from this enumerator and given enumerables.
#chunk	Each element in the returned enumerator is a 2-element array consisting of:
#chunk_while	Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
#collect	Alias for Enumerable#map.
#collect_concat	Alias for Enumerable#flat_map.
#compact	Returns an array of all non-`nil` elements:
#count	Returns the count of elements, based on an argument or block criterion, if given.
#cycle	When called with positive integer argument `n` and a block, calls the block with each element, then does so again, until it has done so `n` times; returns `nil`:
#detect	Alias for Enumerable#find.
#drop	For positive integer `n`, returns an array containing all but the first `n` elements:
#drop_while	Calls the block with successive elements as long as the block returns a truthy value; returns an array of all elements after that point:
#each_cons	Calls the block with each successive overlapped `n`-tuple of elements; returns `self`:
#each_entry	Calls the given block with each element, converting multiple values from yield to an array; returns `self`:
#each_slice	Calls the block with each successive disjoint `n`-tuple of elements; returns `self`:
#each_with_index	With a block given, calls the block with each element and its index; returns `self`:
#each_with_object	Calls the block once for each element, passing both the element and the given object:
#entries	Alias for Enumerable#to_a.
#filter	Returns an array containing elements selected by the block.
#filter_map	Returns an array containing truthy elements returned by the block.
#find	Returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value.
#find_all	Alias for Enumerable#filter.
#find_index	Returns the index of the first element that meets a specified criterion, or `nil` if no such element is found.
#first	Returns the first element or elements.
#flat_map	Returns an array of flattened objects returned by the block.
#grep	Returns an array of objects based elements of `self` that match the given pattern.
#grep_v	Returns an array of objects based on elements of `self` that don’t match the given pattern.
#group_by	With a block given returns a hash:
#include?	Alias for Enumerable#member?.
#inject	Returns an object formed from operands via either:
#lazy	Returns an `::Enumerator::Lazy`, which redefines most `::Enumerable` methods to postpone enumeration and enumerate values only on an as-needed basis.
#map	Returns an array of objects returned by the block.
#max	Returns the element with the maximum element according to a given criterion.
#max_by	Returns the elements for which the block returns the maximum values.
#member?	Returns whether for any element `object == element`:
#min	Returns the element with the minimum element according to a given criterion.
#min_by	Returns the elements for which the block returns the minimum values.
#minmax	Returns a 2-element array containing the minimum and maximum elements according to a given criterion.
#minmax_by	Returns a 2-element array containing the elements for which the block returns minimum and maximum values:
#none?	Returns whether no element meets a given criterion.
#one?	Returns whether exactly one element meets a given criterion.
#partition	With a block given, returns an array of two arrays:
#reduce	Alias for Enumerable#inject.
#reject	Returns an array of objects rejected by the block.
#reverse_each	With a block given, calls the block with each element, but in reverse order; returns `self`:
#select	Alias for Enumerable#filter.
#slice_after	Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
#slice_before	With argument `pattern`, returns an enumerator that uses the pattern to partition elements into arrays (“slices”).
#slice_when	Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements.
#sort	Returns an array containing the sorted elements of `self`.
#sort_by	With a block given, returns an array of elements of `self`, sorted according to the value returned by the block for each element.
#sum	With no block given, returns the sum of `initial_value` and the elements:
#take	For non-negative integer `n`, returns the first `n` elements:
#take_while	Calls the block with successive elements as long as the block returns a truthy value; returns an array of all elements up to that point:
#tally	Returns a hash containing the counts of equal elements:
#to_a	Returns an array containing the items in `self`:
#to_h	When `self` consists of 2-element arrays, returns a hash each of whose entries is the key-value pair formed from one of those arrays:
#uniq	With no block, returns a new array containing only unique elements; the array has no two elements `e0` and `e1` such that `e0.eql?(e1)`:
#zip	With no block given, returns a new array `new_array` of size self.size whose elements are arrays.

Constructor Details

.new(begin, end, exclude_end = false) ⇒ `Range`

Returns a new range based on the given objects #begin and #end. Optional argument exclude_end determines whether object #end is included as the last object in the range:

Range.new(2, 5).to_a            # => [2, 3, 4, 5]
Range.new(2, 5, true).to_a      # => [2, 3, 4]
Range.new('a', 'd').to_a        # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
Range.new('a', 'd', true).to_a  # => ["a", "b", "c"]

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 100


static VALUE
range_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE beg, end, flags;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &beg, &end, &flags);
    range_modify(range);
    range_init(range, beg, end, RBOOL(RTEST(flags)));
    return Qnil;
}

Instance Attribute Details

#exclude_end? ⇒ `Boolean` (readonly)

Returns true if self excludes its end value; false otherwise:

Range.new(2, 5).exclude_end?       # => false
Range.new(2, 5, true).exclude_end? # => true
(2..5).exclude_end?                # => false
(2...5).exclude_end?               # => true

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 132


static VALUE
range_exclude_end_p(VALUE range)
{
    return RBOOL(EXCL(range));
}

Instance Method Details

#%(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #%(n) ⇒ Enumerator

Iterates over the elements of self.

With a block given, calls the block with selected elements of the range; returns self:

a = []
(1..5).%(2) {|element| a.push(element) } # => 1..5
a # => [1, 3, 5]
a = []
('a'..'e').%(2) {|element| a.push(element) } # => "a".."e"
a # => ["a", "c", "e"]

With no block given, returns an enumerator, which will be of class ::Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence if self is numeric; otherwise of class ::Enumerator:

e = (1..5) % 2 # => ((1..5).%(2))
e.class        # => Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
('a'..'e') % 2 # =>  #<Enumerator: ...>

Related: #step.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 568


static VALUE
range_percent_step(VALUE range, VALUE step)
{
    return range_step(1, &step, range);
}

#==(other) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if and only if:

other is a range.
other.begin == self.begin.
other.end == self.end.
other.exclude_end? == self.exclude_end?.

Otherwise returns false.

r = (1..5)
r == (1..5)                # => true
r = Range.new(1, 5)
r == 'foo'                 # => false
r == (2..5)                # => false
r == (1..4)                # => false
r == (1...5)               # => false
r == Range.new(1, 5, true) # => false

Note that even with the same argument, the return values of #== and #eql? can differ:

(1..2) == (1..2.0)   # => true
(1..2).eql? (1..2.0) # => false

Related: #eql?.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 182


static VALUE
range_eq(VALUE range, VALUE obj)
{
    if (range == obj)
	return Qtrue;
    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cRange))
	return Qfalse;

    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_equal, range, obj, obj);
}

#===(object) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if object is between self.begin and self.end. false otherwise:

(1..4) === 2       # => true
(1..4) === 5       # => false
(1..4) === 'a'     # => false
(1..4) === 4       # => true
(1...4) === 4      # => false
('a'..'d') === 'c' # => true
('a'..'d') === 'e' # => false

A case statement uses method ===, and so:

case 79
when (1..50)
  "low"
when (51..75)
  "medium"
when (76..100)
  "high"
end # => "high"

case "2.6.5"
when ..."2.4"
  "EOL"
when "2.4"..."2.5"
  "maintenance"
when "2.5"..."3.0"
  "stable"
when "3.1"..
  "upcoming"
end # => "stable"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1721


static VALUE
range_eqq(VALUE range, VALUE val)
{
    VALUE ret = range_include_internal(range, val, 1);
    if (ret != Qundef) return ret;
    return r_cover_p(range, RANGE_BEG(range), RANGE_END(range), val);
}

#begin ⇒ Object

Returns the object that defines the beginning of self.

(1..4).begin # => 1
(..2).begin  # => nil

Related: #first, #end.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1009


static VALUE
range_begin(VALUE range)
{
    return RANGE_BEG(range);
}

#bsearch {|obj| ... } ⇒ `value`

Returns an element from self selected by a binary search.

See Binary Searching.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 682


static VALUE
range_bsearch(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE beg, end, satisfied = Qnil;
    int smaller;

    /* Implementation notes:
     * Floats are handled by mapping them to 64 bits integers.
     * Apart from sign issues, floats and their 64 bits integer have the
     * same order, assuming they are represented as exponent followed
     * by the mantissa. This is true with or without implicit bit.
     *
     * Finding the average of two ints needs to be careful about
     * potential overflow (since float to long can use 64 bits)
     * as well as the fact that -1/2 can be 0 or -1 in C89.
     *
     * Note that -0.0 is mapped to the same int as 0.0 as we don't want
     * (-1...0.0).bsearch to yield -0.0.
     */

#define BSEARCH(conv) \
    do { \
	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0); \
	if (EXCL(range)) high--; \
	org_high = high; \
	while (low < high) { \
	    mid = ((high < 0) == (low < 0)) ? low + ((high - low) / 2) \
		: (low < -high) ? -((-1 - low - high)/2 + 1) : (low + high) / 2; \
	    BSEARCH_CHECK(conv(mid)); \
	    if (smaller) { \
		high = mid; \
	    } \
	    else { \
		low = mid + 1; \
	    } \
	} \
	if (low == org_high) { \
	    BSEARCH_CHECK(conv(low)); \
	    if (!smaller) return Qnil; \
	} \
	return satisfied; \
    } while (0)


    beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
    end = RANGE_END(range);

    if (FIXNUM_P(beg) && FIXNUM_P(end)) {
	long low = FIX2LONG(beg);
	long high = FIX2LONG(end);
	long mid, org_high;
	BSEARCH(INT2FIX);
    }
#if SIZEOF_DOUBLE == 8 && defined(HAVE_INT64_T)
    else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(beg) || RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(end)) {
	int64_t low  = double_as_int64(NIL_P(beg) ? -HUGE_VAL : RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_Float(beg)));
	int64_t high = double_as_int64(NIL_P(end) ?  HUGE_VAL : RFLOAT_VALUE(rb_Float(end)));
	int64_t mid, org_high;
	BSEARCH(int64_as_double_to_num);
    }
#endif
    else if (is_integer_p(beg) && is_integer_p(end)) {
	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0);
	return bsearch_integer_range(beg, end, EXCL(range));
    }
    else if (is_integer_p(beg) && NIL_P(end)) {
	VALUE diff = LONG2FIX(1);
	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0);
	while (1) {
	    VALUE mid = rb_funcall(beg, '+', 1, diff);
	    BSEARCH_CHECK(mid);
	    if (smaller) {
		return bsearch_integer_range(beg, mid, 0);
	    }
	    diff = rb_funcall(diff, '*', 1, LONG2FIX(2));
	}
    }
    else if (NIL_P(beg) && is_integer_p(end)) {
	VALUE diff = LONG2FIX(-1);
	RETURN_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0);
	while (1) {
	    VALUE mid = rb_funcall(end, '+', 1, diff);
	    BSEARCH_CHECK(mid);
	    if (!smaller) {
		return bsearch_integer_range(mid, end, 0);
	    }
	    diff = rb_funcall(diff, '*', 1, LONG2FIX(2));
	}
    }
    else {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't do binary search for %s", rb_obj_classname(beg));
    }
    return range;
}

#count ⇒ Integer #count(object) ⇒ Integer #count {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer

Returns the count of elements, based on an argument or block criterion, if given.

With no argument and no block given, returns the number of elements:

(1..4).count      # => 4
(1...4).count     # => 3
('a'..'d').count  # => 4
('a'...'d').count # => 3
(1..).count       # => Infinity
(..4).count       # => Infinity

With argument object, returns the number of object found in self, which will usually be zero or one:

(1..4).count(2)   # => 1
(1..4).count(5)   # => 0
(1..4).count('a')  # => 0

With a block given, calls the block with each element; returns the number of elements for which the block returns a truthy value:

(1..4).count {|element| element < 3 } # => 2

Related: #size.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 2076


static VALUE
range_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    if (argc != 0) {
        /* It is odd for instance (1...).count(0) to return Infinity. Just let
         * it loop. */
        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        /* Likewise it is odd for instance (1...).count {|x| x == 0 } to return
         * Infinity. Just let it loop. */
        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
        /* We are confident that the answer is Infinity. */
        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
    }
    else if (NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range))) {
        /* We are confident that the answer is Infinity. */
        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
    }
    else {
        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
    }
}

#cover?(object) ⇒ `Boolean` #cover?(range) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if the given argument is within self, false otherwise.

With non-range argument object, evaluates with {<=} and {<}.

For range self with included end value (<tt>#exclude_end? == false</tt>),
evaluates thus:

  self.begin <= object <= self.end

Examples:

  r = (1..4)
  r.cover?(1)     # => true
  r.cover?(4)     # => true
  r.cover?(0)     # => false
  r.cover?(5)     # => false
  r.cover?('foo') # => false

  r = ('a'..'d')
  r.cover?('a')     # => true
  r.cover?('d')     # => true
  r.cover?(' ')     # => false
  r.cover?('e')     # => false
  r.cover?(0)       # => false

For range r with excluded end value (<tt>#exclude_end? == true</tt>),
evaluates thus:

  r.begin <= object < r.end

Examples:

  r = (1...4)
  r.cover?(1)     # => true
  r.cover?(3)     # => true
  r.cover?(0)     # => false
  r.cover?(4)     # => false
  r.cover?('foo') # => false

  r = ('a'...'d')
  r.cover?('a')     # => true
  r.cover?('c')     # => true
  r.cover?(' ')     # => false
  r.cover?('d')     # => false
  r.cover?(0)       # => false

With range argument range, compares the first and last
elements of self and range:

  r = (1..4)
  r.cover?(1..4)     # => true
  r.cover?(0..4)     # => false
  r.cover?(1..5)     # => false
  r.cover?('a'..'d') # => false

  r = (1...4)
  r.cover?(1..3)     # => true
  r.cover?(1..4)     # => false

If begin and end are numeric, #cover? behaves like #include?

  (1..3).cover?(1.5) # => true
  (1..3).include?(1.5) # => true

But when not numeric, the two methods may differ:

  ('a'..'d').cover?('cc')   # => true
  ('a'..'d').include?('cc') # => false

Returns false if either:

- The begin value of self is larger than its end value.
- An internal call to {<=>} returns nil;
  that is, the operands are not comparable.

Beginless ranges cover all values of the same type before the end, excluding the end for exclusive ranges. Beginless ranges cover ranges that end before the end of the beginless range, or at the end of the beginless range for inclusive ranges.

(..2).cover?(1)     # => true
(..2).cover?(2)     # => true
(..2).cover?(3)     # => false
(...2).cover?(2)    # => false
(..2).cover?("2")   # => false
(..2).cover?(..2)   # => true
(..2).cover?(...2)  # => true
(..2).cover?(.."2") # => false
(...2).cover?(..2)  # => false

Endless ranges cover all values of the same type after the beginning. Endless exclusive ranges do not cover endless inclusive ranges.

(2..).cover?(1)     # => false
(2..).cover?(3)     # => true
(2...).cover?(3)    # => true
(2..).cover?(2)     # => true
(2..).cover?("2")   # => false
(2..).cover?(2..)   # => true
(2..).cover?(2...)  # => true
(2..).cover?("2"..) # => false
(2...).cover?(2..)  # => false
(2...).cover?(3...) # => true
(2...).cover?(3..)  # => false
(3..).cover?(2..)   # => false

Ranges that are both beginless and endless cover all values and ranges, and return true for all arguments, with the exception that beginless and endless exclusive ranges do not cover endless inclusive ranges.

  (nil...).cover?(Object.new) # => true
  (nil...).cover?(nil...)     # => true
  (nil..).cover?(nil...)      # => true
  (nil...).cover?(nil..)      # => false
  (nil...).cover?(1..)        # => false

Related: Range#include?.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1935


static VALUE
range_cover(VALUE range, VALUE val)
{
    VALUE beg, end;

    beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
    end = RANGE_END(range);

    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(val, rb_cRange)) {
        return RBOOL(r_cover_range_p(range, beg, end, val));
    }
    return r_cover_p(range, beg, end, val);
}

#each {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #each ⇒ Enumerator

With a block given, passes each element of self to the block:

a = []
(1..4).each {|element| a.push(element) } # => 1..4
a # => [1, 2, 3, 4]

Raises an exception unless self.first.respond_to?(:succ).

With no block given, returns an enumerator.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 903


static VALUE
range_each(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE beg, end;
    long i;

    RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(range, 0, 0, range_enum_size);

    beg = RANGE_BEG(range);
    end = RANGE_END(range);

    if (FIXNUM_P(beg) && NIL_P(end)) {
        range_each_fixnum_endless(beg);
    }
    else if (FIXNUM_P(beg) && FIXNUM_P(end)) { /* fixnums are special */
        return range_each_fixnum_loop(beg, end, range);
    }
    else if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(beg) && (NIL_P(end) || RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(end))) {
	if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(end) || RBIGNUM_POSITIVE_P(end)) { /* end >= FIXNUM_MIN */
	    if (!FIXNUM_P(beg)) {
		if (RBIGNUM_NEGATIVE_P(beg)) {
		    do {
			rb_yield(beg);
		    } while (!FIXNUM_P(beg = rb_big_plus(beg, INT2FIX(1))));
                    if (NIL_P(end)) range_each_fixnum_endless(beg);
                    if (FIXNUM_P(end)) return range_each_fixnum_loop(beg, end, range);
		}
		else {
                    if (NIL_P(end)) range_each_bignum_endless(beg);
		    if (FIXNUM_P(end)) return range;
		}
	    }
	    if (FIXNUM_P(beg)) {
		i = FIX2LONG(beg);
		do {
		    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
		} while (POSFIXABLE(++i));
		beg = LONG2NUM(i);
	    }
	    ASSUME(!FIXNUM_P(beg));
	    ASSUME(!SPECIAL_CONST_P(end));
	}
	if (!FIXNUM_P(beg) && RBIGNUM_SIGN(beg) == RBIGNUM_SIGN(end)) {
	    if (EXCL(range)) {
		while (rb_big_cmp(beg, end) == INT2FIX(-1)) {
		    rb_yield(beg);
		    beg = rb_big_plus(beg, INT2FIX(1));
		}
	    }
	    else {
		VALUE c;
		while ((c = rb_big_cmp(beg, end)) != INT2FIX(1)) {
		    rb_yield(beg);
		    if (c == INT2FIX(0)) break;
		    beg = rb_big_plus(beg, INT2FIX(1));
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    else if (SYMBOL_P(beg) && (NIL_P(end) || SYMBOL_P(end))) { /* symbols are special */
	beg = rb_sym2str(beg);
	if (NIL_P(end)) {
	    rb_str_upto_endless_each(beg, sym_each_i, 0);
	}
	else {
	    rb_str_upto_each(beg, rb_sym2str(end), EXCL(range), sym_each_i, 0);
	}
    }
    else {
	VALUE tmp = rb_check_string_type(beg);

	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
	    if (!NIL_P(end)) {
		rb_str_upto_each(tmp, end, EXCL(range), each_i, 0);
	    }
	    else {
		rb_str_upto_endless_each(tmp, each_i, 0);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    if (!discrete_object_p(beg)) {
		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't iterate from %s",
			 rb_obj_classname(beg));
	    }
	    if (!NIL_P(end))
		range_each_func(range, each_i, 0);
	    else
		for (;; beg = rb_funcallv(beg, id_succ, 0, 0))
		    rb_yield(beg);
	}
    }
    return range;
}

#end ⇒ Object

Returns the object that defines the end of self.

(1..4).end  # => 4
(1...4).end # => 4
(1..).end   # => nil

Related: #begin, #last.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1030


static VALUE
range_end(VALUE range)
{
    return RANGE_END(range);
}

#to_a ⇒ Array #entries ⇒ Array

Alias for #to_a.

#eql?(other) ⇒ `Boolean`

Returns true if and only if:

other is a range.
other.begin eql? self.begin.
other.end eql? self.end.
other.exclude_end? == self.exclude_end?.

Otherwise returns false.

r = (1..5)
r.eql?(1..5)                  # => true
r = Range.new(1, 5)
r.eql?('foo')                 # => false
r.eql?(2..5)                  # => false
r.eql?(1..4)                  # => false
r.eql?(1...5)                 # => false
r.eql?(Range.new(1, 5, true)) # => false

Note that even with the same argument, the return values of #== and #eql? can differ:

(1..2) == (1..2.0)   # => true
(1..2).eql? (1..2.0) # => false

Related: #==.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 250


static VALUE
range_eql(VALUE range, VALUE obj)
{
    if (range == obj)
	return Qtrue;
    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cRange))
	return Qfalse;
    return rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_eql, range, obj, obj);
}

#first ⇒ Object #first(n) ⇒ Array

With no argument, returns the first element of self, if it exists:

(1..4).first     # => 1
('a'..'d').first # => "a"

With non-negative integer argument n given, returns the first n elements in an array:

(1..10).first(3) # => [1, 2, 3]
(1..10).first(0) # => []
(1..4).first(50) # => [1, 2, 3, 4]

Raises an exception if there is no first element:

(..4).first # Raises RangeError

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1074


static VALUE
range_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE n, ary[2];

    if (NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range))) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the first element of beginless range");
    }
    if (argc == 0) return RANGE_BEG(range);

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &n);
    ary[0] = n;
    ary[1] = rb_ary_new2(NUM2LONG(n));
    rb_block_call(range, idEach, 0, 0, first_i, (VALUE)ary);

    return ary[1];
}

#hash ⇒ Integer

Returns the integer hash value for self. Two range objects r0 and r1 have the same hash value if and only if r0.eql?(r1).

Related: #eql?, Object#hash.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 271


static VALUE
range_hash(VALUE range)
{
    st_index_t hash = EXCL(range);
    VALUE v;

    hash = rb_hash_start(hash);
    v = rb_hash(RANGE_BEG(range));
    hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, NUM2LONG(v));
    v = rb_hash(RANGE_END(range));
    hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, NUM2LONG(v));
    hash = rb_hash_uint(hash, EXCL(range) << 24);
    hash = rb_hash_end(hash);

    return ST2FIX(hash);
}

#include?(object) ⇒ `Boolean` #include?(object) ⇒ `Boolean`

Alias for #member?.

#initialize_copy(orig)

This method is for internal use only.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 112


static VALUE
range_initialize_copy(VALUE range, VALUE orig)
{
    range_modify(range);
    rb_struct_init_copy(range, orig);
    return range;
}

#inspect ⇒ String

Returns a string representation of self, including begin.inspect and end.inspect:

(1..4).inspect  # => "1..4"
(1...4).inspect # => "1...4"
(1..).inspect   # => "1.."
(..4).inspect   # => "..4"

Note that returns from #to_s and #inspect may differ:

('a'..'d').to_s    # => "a..d"
('a'..'d').inspect # => "\"a\"..\"d\""

Related: #to_s.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1674


static VALUE
range_inspect(VALUE range)
{
    return rb_exec_recursive(inspect_range, range, 0);
}

#last ⇒ Object #last(n) ⇒ Array

With no argument, returns the last element of self, if it exists:

(1..4).last     # => 4
('a'..'d').last # => "d"

Note that last with no argument returns the end element of self even if #exclude_end? is true:

(1...4).last     # => 4
('a'...'d').last # => "d"

With non-negative integer argument n given, returns the last n elements in an array:

(1..10).last(3) # => [8, 9, 10]
(1..10).last(0) # => []
(1..4).last(50) # => [1, 2, 3, 4]

Note that last with argument does not return the end element of self if #exclude_end? it true:

(1...4).last(3)     # => [1, 2, 3]
('a'...'d').last(3) # => ["a", "b", "c"]

Raises an exception if there is no last element:

(1..).last # Raises RangeError

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1180


static VALUE
range_last(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE b, e;

    if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
        rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the last element of endless range");
    }
    if (argc == 0) return RANGE_END(range);

    b = RANGE_BEG(range);
    e = RANGE_END(range);
    if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(b) && RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(e) &&
        RB_LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cRange, idEach))) {
        return rb_int_range_last(argc, argv, range);
    }
    return rb_ary_last(argc, argv, rb_Array(range));
}

#max ⇒ Object #max(n) ⇒ Array #max {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Object #max(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Array

Returns the maximum value in self, using method <=> or a given block for comparison.

With no argument and no block given, returns the maximum-valued element of self.

(1..4).max     # => 4
('a'..'d').max # => "d"
(-4..-1).max   # => -1

With non-negative integer argument n given, and no block given, returns the n maximum-valued elements of self in an array:

(1..4).max(2)     # => [4, 3]
('a'..'d').max(2) # => ["d", "c"]
(-4..-1).max(2)   # => [-1, -2]
(1..4).max(50)    # => [4, 3, 2, 1]

If a block is given, it is called:

First, with the first two element of self.
Then, sequentially, with the so-far maximum value and the next element of self.

To illustrate:

(1..4).max {|a, b| p [a, b]; a <=> b } # => 4

Output:

[2, 1]
[3, 2]
[4, 3]

With no argument and a block given, returns the return value of the last call to the block:

(1..4).max {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => 1

With non-negative integer argument n given, and a block given, returns the return values of the last n calls to the block in an array:

(1..4).max(2) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) }  # => [1, 2]
(1..4).max(50) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [1, 2, 3, 4]

Returns an empty array if n is zero:

(1..4).max(0)                      # => []
(1..4).max(0) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []

Returns nil or an empty array if:

The begin value of the range is larger than the end value:

(4..1).max                         # => nil
(4..1).max(2)                      # => []
(4..1).max {|a, b| -(a <=> b) }    # => nil
(4..1).max(2) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []

The begin value of an exclusive range is equal to the end value:

(1...1).max                          # => nil
(1...1).max(2)                       # => []
(1...1).max  {|a, b| -(a <=> b) }    # => nil
(1...1).max(2)  {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []

Raises an exception if either:

self is a endless range: (1..).
A block is given and self is a beginless range.

Related: #min, #minmax.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1390


static VALUE
range_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE e = RANGE_END(range);
    int nm = FIXNUM_P(e) || rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric);

    if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the maximum of endless range");
    }

    VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);

    if (rb_block_given_p() || (EXCL(range) && !nm) || argc) {
        if (NIL_P(b)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the maximum of beginless range with custom comparison method");
        }
        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
    }
    else {
        struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
        int c = NIL_P(b) ? -1 : OPTIMIZED_CMP(b, e, cmp_opt);

        if (c > 0)
            return Qnil;
        if (EXCL(range)) {
            if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(e)) {
                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot exclude non Integer end value");
            }
            if (c == 0) return Qnil;
            if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(b)) {
                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot exclude end value with non Integer begin value");
            }
            if (FIXNUM_P(e)) {
                return LONG2NUM(FIX2LONG(e) - 1);
            }
            return rb_funcall(e, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
        }
        return e;
    }
}

#include?(object) ⇒ `Boolean` Also known as: #include?

Returns true if object is an element of self, false otherwise:

(1..4).include?(2)        # => true
(1..4).include?(5)        # => false
(1..4).include?(4)        # => true
(1...4).include?(4)       # => false
('a'..'d').include?('b')  # => true
('a'..'d').include?('e')  # => false
('a'..'d').include?('B')  # => false
('a'..'d').include?('d')  # => true
('a'...'d').include?('d') # => false

If begin and end are numeric, #include? behaves like #cover?

(1..3).include?(1.5) # => true
(1..3).cover?(1.5) # => true

But when not numeric, the two methods may differ:

('a'..'d').include?('cc') # => false
('a'..'d').cover?('cc')   # => true

Related: #cover?.

member? is an alias for #include?.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1761


static VALUE
range_include(VALUE range, VALUE val)
{
    VALUE ret = range_include_internal(range, val, 0);
    if (ret != Qundef) return ret;
    return rb_call_super(1, &val);
}

#min ⇒ Object #min(n) ⇒ Array #min {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Object #min(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Array

Returns the minimum value in self, using method <=> or a given block for comparison.

With no argument and no block given, returns the minimum-valued element of self.

(1..4).min     # => 1
('a'..'d').min # => "a"
(-4..-1).min   # => -4

With non-negative integer argument n given, and no block given, returns the n minimum-valued elements of self in an array:

(1..4).min(2)     # => [1, 2]
('a'..'d').min(2) # => ["a", "b"]
(-4..-1).min(2)   # => [-4, -3]
(1..4).min(50)    # => [1, 2, 3, 4]

If a block is given, it is called:

First, with the first two element of self.
Then, sequentially, with the so-far minimum value and the next element of self.

To illustrate:

(1..4).min {|a, b| p [a, b]; a <=> b } # => 1

Output:

[2, 1]
[3, 1]
[4, 1]

With no argument and a block given, returns the return value of the last call to the block:

(1..4).min {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => 4

With non-negative integer argument n given, and a block given, returns the return values of the last n calls to the block in an array:

(1..4).min(2) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) }  # => [4, 3]
(1..4).min(50) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [4, 3, 2, 1]

Returns an empty array if n is zero:

(1..4).min(0)                      # => []
(1..4).min(0) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []

Returns nil or an empty array if:

The begin value of the range is larger than the end value:

(4..1).min                         # => nil
(4..1).min(2)                      # => []
(4..1).min {|a, b| -(a <=> b) }    # => nil
(4..1).min(2) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []

The begin value of an exclusive range is equal to the end value:

(1...1).min                          # => nil
(1...1).min(2)                       # => []
(1...1).min  {|a, b| -(a <=> b) }    # => nil
(1...1).min(2)  {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []

Raises an exception if either:

self is a beginless range: (..4).
A block is given and self is an endless range.

Related: #max, #minmax.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1281


static VALUE
range_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    if (NIL_P(RANGE_BEG(range))) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the minimum of beginless range");
    }

    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot get the minimum of endless range with custom comparison method");
        }
	return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (argc != 0) {
	return range_first(argc, argv, range);
    }
    else {
	struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
	VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range);
	VALUE e = RANGE_END(range);
	int c = NIL_P(e) ? -1 : OPTIMIZED_CMP(b, e, cmp_opt);

	if (c > 0 || (c == 0 && EXCL(range)))
	    return Qnil;
	return b;
    }
}

#minmax ⇒ Array, Object #minmax {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Array, Object

Returns a 2-element array containing the minimum and maximum value in self, either according to comparison method <=> or a given block.

With no block given, returns the minimum and maximum values, using <=> for comparison:

(1..4).minmax     # => [1, 4]
(1...4).minmax    # => [1, 3]
('a'..'d').minmax # => ["a", "d"]
(-4..-1).minmax   # => [-4, -1]

With a block given, the block must return an integer:

Negative if a is smaller than b.
Zero if a and b are equal.
Positive if a is larger than b.

The block is called self.size times to compare elements; returns a 2-element ::Array containing the minimum and maximum values from self, per the block:

(1..4).minmax {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [4, 1]

Returns [nil, nil] if:

The begin value of the range is larger than the end value:

(4..1).minmax                      # => [nil, nil]
(4..1).minmax {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [nil, nil]

The begin value of an exclusive range is equal to the end value:

(1...1).minmax                          # => [nil, nil]
(1...1).minmax  {|a, b| -(a <=> b) }    # => [nil, nil]

Raises an exception if self is a beginless or an endless range.

Related: #min, #max.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1477


static VALUE
range_minmax(VALUE range)
{
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        return rb_call_super(0, NULL);
    }
    return rb_assoc_new(
        rb_funcall(range, id_min, 0),
        rb_funcall(range, id_max, 0)
    );
}

#size ⇒ `non_negative_integer`, ...

Returns the count of elements in self if both begin and end values are numeric; otherwise, returns nil:

(1..4).size      # => 4
(1...4).size     # => 3
(1..).size       # => Infinity
('a'..'z').size  #=> nil

Related: #count.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 806


static VALUE
range_size(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE b = RANGE_BEG(range), e = RANGE_END(range);
    if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric)) {
        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric)) {
	    return ruby_num_interval_step_size(b, e, INT2FIX(1), EXCL(range));
        }
        if (NIL_P(e)) {
            return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
        }
    }
    else if (NIL_P(b)) {
        return DBL2NUM(HUGE_VAL);
    }

    return Qnil;
}

#step(n = 1) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #step(n = 1) ⇒ Enumerator

Iterates over the elements of self.

With a block given and no argument, calls the block each element of the range; returns self:

a = []
(1..5).step {|element| a.push(element) } # => 1..5
a # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a = []
('a'..'e').step {|element| a.push(element) } # => "a".."e"
a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

With a block given and a positive integer argument n given, calls the block with element 0, element n, element 2n, and so on:

a = []
(1..5).step(2) {|element| a.push(element) } # => 1..5
a # => [1, 3, 5]
a = []
('a'..'e').step(2) {|element| a.push(element) } # => "a".."e"
a # => ["a", "c", "e"]

With no block given, returns an enumerator, which will be of class ::Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence if self is numeric; otherwise of class ::Enumerator:

e = (1..5).step(2) # => ((1..5).step(2))
e.class            # => Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence
('a'..'e').step # => #<Enumerator: ...>

Related: #%.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 438


static VALUE
range_step(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE range)
{
    VALUE b, e, step, tmp;

    b = RANGE_BEG(range);
    e = RANGE_END(range);
    step = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? INT2FIX(1) : argv[0]);

    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(step, rb_cNumeric)) {
            step = rb_to_int(step);
        }
        if (rb_equal(step, INT2FIX(0))) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "step can't be 0");
        }

        const VALUE b_num_p = rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric);
        const VALUE e_num_p = rb_obj_is_kind_of(e, rb_cNumeric);
        if ((b_num_p && (NIL_P(e) || e_num_p)) || (NIL_P(b) && e_num_p)) {
            return rb_arith_seq_new(range, ID2SYM(rb_frame_this_func()), argc, argv,
                    range_step_size, b, e, step, EXCL(range));
        }

        RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(range, argc, argv, range_step_size);
    }

    step = check_step_domain(step);
    VALUE iter[2] = {INT2FIX(1), step};

    if (FIXNUM_P(b) && NIL_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(step)) {
	long i = FIX2LONG(b), unit = FIX2LONG(step);
	do {
	    rb_yield(LONG2FIX(i));
	    i += unit;          /* FIXABLE+FIXABLE never overflow */
	} while (FIXABLE(i));
	b = LONG2NUM(i);

	for (;; b = rb_big_plus(b, step))
	    rb_yield(b);
    }
    else if (FIXNUM_P(b) && FIXNUM_P(e) && FIXNUM_P(step)) { /* fixnums are special */
	long end = FIX2LONG(e);
	long i, unit = FIX2LONG(step);

	if (!EXCL(range))
	    end += 1;
	i = FIX2LONG(b);
	while (i < end) {
	    rb_yield(LONG2NUM(i));
	    if (i + unit < i) break;
	    i += unit;
	}

    }
    else if (SYMBOL_P(b) && (NIL_P(e) || SYMBOL_P(e))) { /* symbols are special */
	b = rb_sym2str(b);
	if (NIL_P(e)) {
	    rb_str_upto_endless_each(b, sym_step_i, (VALUE)iter);
	}
	else {
	    rb_str_upto_each(b, rb_sym2str(e), EXCL(range), sym_step_i, (VALUE)iter);
	}
    }
    else if (ruby_float_step(b, e, step, EXCL(range), TRUE)) {
	/* done */
    }
    else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(b, rb_cNumeric) ||
	     !NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(b, "to_int")) ||
	     !NIL_P(rb_check_to_integer(e, "to_int"))) {
	ID op = EXCL(range) ? '<' : idLE;
	VALUE v = b;
	int i = 0;

	while (NIL_P(e) || RTEST(rb_funcall(v, op, 1, e))) {
	    rb_yield(v);
	    i++;
	    v = rb_funcall(b, '+', 1, rb_funcall(INT2NUM(i), '*', 1, step));
	}
    }
    else {
	tmp = rb_check_string_type(b);

	if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
	    b = tmp;
	    if (NIL_P(e)) {
		rb_str_upto_endless_each(b, step_i, (VALUE)iter);
	    }
	    else {
		rb_str_upto_each(b, e, EXCL(range), step_i, (VALUE)iter);
	    }
	}
	else {
	    if (!discrete_object_p(b)) {
		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't iterate from %s",
			 rb_obj_classname(b));
	    }
	    range_each_func(range, step_i, (VALUE)iter);
	}
    }
    return range;
}

#to_a ⇒ Array Also known as: #entries

Returns an array containing the elements in self, if a finite collection; raises an exception otherwise.

(1..4).to_a     # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
(1...4).to_a    # => [1, 2, 3]
('a'..'d').to_a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

#entries is an alias for to_a.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 839


static VALUE
range_to_a(VALUE range)
{
    if (NIL_P(RANGE_END(range))) {
	rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "cannot convert endless range to an array");
    }
    return rb_call_super(0, 0);
}

#to_s ⇒ String

Returns a string representation of self, including begin.to_s and end.to_s:

(1..4).to_s  # => "1..4"
(1...4).to_s # => "1...4"
(1..).to_s   # => "1.."
(..4).to_s   # => "..4"

Note that returns from #to_s and #inspect may differ:

('a'..'d').to_s    # => "a..d"
('a'..'d').inspect # => "\"a\"..\"d\""

Related: #inspect.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'range.c', line 1615


static VALUE
range_to_s(VALUE range)
{
    VALUE str, str2;

    str = rb_obj_as_string(RANGE_BEG(range));
    str2 = rb_obj_as_string(RANGE_END(range));
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_cat(str, "...", EXCL(range) ? 3 : 2);
    rb_str_append(str, str2);

    return str;
}

Class: Range

Overview

Beginless Ranges

Endless Ranges

Ranges and Other Classes

Ranges and User-Defined Classes

What’s Here

Methods for Creating a Range

Methods for Querying

Methods for Comparing

Methods for Iterating

Methods for Converting

Class Method Summary

Instance Attribute Summary

Instance Method Summary

::Enumerable - Included

Constructor Details

.new(begin, end, exclude_end = false) ⇒ Range

Instance Attribute Details

#exclude_end? ⇒ Boolean (readonly)

Instance Method Details

#%(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ self #%(n) ⇒ Enumerator

#==(other) ⇒ Boolean

#===(object) ⇒ Boolean

#begin ⇒ Object

#bsearch {|obj| ... } ⇒ value

#count ⇒ Integer #count(object) ⇒ Integer #count {|element| ... } ⇒ Integer

#cover?(object) ⇒ Boolean #cover?(range) ⇒ Boolean

#each {|element| ... } ⇒ self #each ⇒ Enumerator

#end ⇒ Object

#to_a ⇒ Array #entries ⇒ Array

#eql?(other) ⇒ Boolean

#first ⇒ Object #first(n) ⇒ Array

#hash ⇒ Integer

#include?(object) ⇒ Boolean #include?(object) ⇒ Boolean

#initialize_copy(orig)

#inspect ⇒ String

#last ⇒ Object #last(n) ⇒ Array

#max ⇒ Object #max(n) ⇒ Array #max {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Object #max(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Array

#include?(object) ⇒ Boolean Also known as: #include?

#min ⇒ Object #min(n) ⇒ Array #min {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Object #min(n) {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Array

#minmax ⇒ Array, Object #minmax {|a, b| ... } ⇒ Array, Object

#size ⇒ non_negative_integer, ...

#step(n = 1) {|element| ... } ⇒ self #step(n = 1) ⇒ Enumerator

#to_a ⇒ Array Also known as: #entries

#to_s ⇒ String

`::Enumerable` - Included

.new(begin, end, exclude_end = false) ⇒ `Range`

#exclude_end? ⇒ `Boolean` (readonly)

#%(n) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #%(n) ⇒ Enumerator

#==(other) ⇒ `Boolean`

#===(object) ⇒ `Boolean`

#bsearch {|obj| ... } ⇒ `value`

#cover?(object) ⇒ `Boolean` #cover?(range) ⇒ `Boolean`

#each {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #each ⇒ Enumerator

#eql?(other) ⇒ `Boolean`

#include?(object) ⇒ `Boolean` #include?(object) ⇒ `Boolean`

#include?(object) ⇒ `Boolean` Also known as: #include?

#size ⇒ `non_negative_integer`, ...

#step(n = 1) {|element| ... } ⇒ `self` #step(n = 1) ⇒ Enumerator