Module: Enumerable

Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method returns true if the block ever returns a value other than false or nil. If the block is not given, Ruby adds an implicit block of { |obj| obj } that will cause #any? to return true if at least one of the collection members is not false or nil.

If instead a pattern is supplied, the method returns whether pattern === element for any collection member.

%w[ant bear cat].any? { |word| word.length >= 3 } #=> true
%w[ant bear cat].any? { |word| word.length >= 4 } #=> true
%w[ant bear cat].any?(/d/)                        #=> false
[nil, true, 99].any?(Integer)                     #=> true
[nil, true, 99].any?                              #=> true
[].any?                                           #=> false

Returns an enumerator object generated from this enumerator and given enumerables.

e = (1..3).chain([4, 5])
e.to_a #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Enumerates over the items, chunking them together based on the return value of the block.

Consecutive elements which return the same block value are chunked together.

For example, consecutive even numbers and odd numbers can be chunked as follows.

[3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5].chunk { |n|
  n.even?
}.each { |even, ary|
  p [even, ary]
}
#=> [false, [3, 1]]
#   [true, [4]]
#   [false, [1, 5, 9]]
#   [true, [2, 6]]
#   [false, [5, 3, 5]]

This method is especially useful for sorted series of elements. The following example counts words for each initial letter.

open("/usr/share/dict/words", "r:iso-8859-1") { |f|
  f.chunk { |line| line.ord }.each { |ch, lines| p [ch.chr, lines.length] }
}
#=> ["\n", 1]
#   ["A", 1327]
#   ["B", 1372]
#   ["C", 1507]
#   ["D", 791]
#   ...

The following key values have special meaning:

• nil and :_separator specifies that the elements should be dropped.

• :_alone specifies that the element should be chunked by itself.

Any other symbols that begin with an underscore will raise an error:

items.chunk { |item| :_underscore }
#=> RuntimeError: symbols beginning with an underscore are reserved

nil and :_separator can be used to ignore some elements.

For example, the sequence of hyphens in svn log can be eliminated as follows:

sep = "-"*72 + "\n"
IO.popen("svn log README") { |f|
  f.chunk { |line|
    line != sep || nil
  }.each { |_, lines|
    pp lines
  }
}
#=> ["r20018 | knu | 2008-10-29 13:20:42 +0900 (Wed, 29 Oct 2008) | 2 lines\n",
#    "\n",
#    "* README, README.ja: Update the portability section.\n",
#    "\n"]
#   ["r16725 | knu | 2008-05-31 23:34:23 +0900 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines\n",
#    "\n",
#    "* README, README.ja: Add a note about default C flags.\n",
#    "\n"]
#   ...

Paragraphs separated by empty lines can be parsed as follows:

File.foreach("README").chunk { |line|
  /\A\s*\z/ !~ line || nil
}.each { |_, lines|
  pp lines
}

:_alone can be used to force items into their own chunk. For example, you can put lines that contain a URL by themselves, and chunk the rest of the lines together, like this:

pattern = /http/
open(filename) { |f|
  f.chunk { |line| line =~ pattern ? :_alone : true }.each { |key, lines|
    pp lines
  }
}

If no block is given, an enumerator to chunk is returned instead.

Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements. The beginnings of chunks are defined by the block.

This method split each chunk using adjacent elements, elt_before and elt_after, in the receiver enumerator. This method split chunks between elt_before and elt_after where the block returns false.

The block is called the length of the receiver enumerator minus one.

The result enumerator yields the chunked elements as an array. So each method can be called as follows:

enum.chunk_while { |elt_before, elt_after| bool }.each { |ary| ... }

Other methods of the ::Enumerator class and Enumerable module, such as #to_a, #map, etc., are also usable.

For example, one-by-one increasing subsequence can be chunked as follows:

a = [1,2,4,9,10,11,12,15,16,19,20,21]
b = a.chunk_while {|i, j| i+1 == j }
p b.to_a #=> [[1, 2], [4], [9, 10, 11, 12], [15, 16], [19, 20, 21]]
c = b.map {|a| a.length < 3 ? a : "#{a.first}-#{a.last}" }
p c #=> [[1, 2], [4], "9-12", [15, 16], "19-21"]
d = c.join(",")
p d #=> "1,2,4,9-12,15,16,19-21"

Increasing (non-decreasing) subsequence can be chunked as follows:

a = [0, 9, 2, 2, 3, 2, 7, 5, 9, 5]
p a.chunk_while {|i, j| i <= j }.to_a
#=> [[0, 9], [2, 2, 3], [2, 7], [5, 9], [5]]

Adjacent evens and odds can be chunked as follows: (Enumerable#chunk is another way to do it.)

a = [7, 5, 9, 2, 0, 7, 9, 4, 2, 0]
p a.chunk_while {|i, j| i.even? == j.even? }.to_a
#=> [[7, 5, 9], [2, 0], [7, 9], [4, 2, 0]]

#slice_when does the same, except splitting when the block returns true instead of false.

Alias for #map.

Alias for #flat_map.

Returns the number of items in enum through enumeration. If an argument is given, the number of items in enum that are equal to item are counted. If a block is given, it counts the number of elements yielding a true value.

ary = [1, 2, 4, 2]
ary.count               #=> 4
ary.count(2)            #=> 2
ary.count{ |x| x%2==0 } #=> 3

Calls block for each element of enum repeatedly n times or forever if none or nil is given. If a non-positive number is given or the collection is empty, does nothing. Returns nil if the loop has finished without getting interrupted.

cycle saves elements in an internal array so changes to enum after the first pass have no effect.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

a = ["a", "b", "c"]
a.cycle { |x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c,.. forever.
a.cycle(2) { |x| puts x }  # print, a, b, c, a, b, c.

Alias for #find.

Drops first n elements from enum, and returns rest elements in an array.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
a.drop(3)             #=> [4, 5, 0]

Drops elements up to, but not including, the first element for which the block returns nil or false and returns an array containing the remaining elements.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
a.drop_while { |i| i < 3 }   #=> [3, 4, 5, 0]

Iterates the given block for each array of consecutive <n> elements. If no block is given, returns an enumerator.

e.g.:

(1..10).each_cons(3) { |a| p a }
# outputs below
[1, 2, 3]
[2, 3, 4]
[3, 4, 5]
[4, 5, 6]
[5, 6, 7]
[6, 7, 8]
[7, 8, 9]
[8, 9, 10]

Calls block once for each element in self, passing that element as a parameter, converting multiple values from yield to an array.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

class Foo
  include Enumerable
  def each
    yield 1
    yield 1, 2
    yield
  end
end
Foo.new.each_entry{ |o| p o }

produces:

1
[1, 2]
nil

Iterates the given block for each slice of <n> elements. If no block is given, returns an enumerator.

(1..10).each_slice(3) { |a| p a }
# outputs below
[1, 2, 3]
[4, 5, 6]
[7, 8, 9]
[10]

Calls block with two arguments, the item and its index, for each item in enum. Given arguments are passed through to #each().

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

hash = Hash.new
%w(cat dog wombat).each_with_index { |item, index|
  hash[item] = index
}
hash   #=> {"cat"=>0, "dog"=>1, "wombat"=>2}

Iterates the given block for each element with an arbitrary object given, and returns the initially given object.

If no block is given, returns an enumerator.

evens = (1..10).each_with_object([]) { |i, a| a << i*2 }
#=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

Alias for #to_a.

Returns an array containing all elements of enum for which the given block returns a true value.

If no block is given, an ::Enumerator is returned instead.

(1..10).find_all { |i|  i % 3 == 0 }   #=> [3, 6, 9]

[1,2,3,4,5].select { |num|  num.even?  }   #=> [2, 4]

[:foo, :bar].filter { |x| x == :foo }   #=> [:foo]

See also #reject.

Passes each entry in enum to block. Returns the first for which block is not false. If no object matches, calls ifnone and returns its result when it is specified, or returns nil otherwise.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

(1..100).detect  #=> #<Enumerator: 1..100:detect>
(1..100).find    #=> #<Enumerator: 1..100:find>

(1..10).detect   { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
(1..10).find     { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> nil
(1..100).detect  { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35
(1..100).find    { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }   #=> 35

Alias for #filter.

Compares each entry in enum with value or passes to block. Returns the index for the first for which the evaluated value is non-false. If no object matches, returns nil

If neither block nor argument is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

(1..10).find_index  { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }  #=> nil
(1..100).find_index { |i| i % 5 == 0 and i % 7 == 0 }  #=> 34
(1..100).find_index(50)                                #=> 49

Returns the first element, or the first n elements, of the enumerable. If the enumerable is empty, the first form returns nil, and the second form returns an empty array.

%w[foo bar baz].first     #=> "foo"
%w[foo bar baz].first(2)  #=> ["foo", "bar"]
%w[foo bar baz].first(10) #=> ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
[].first                  #=> nil
[].first(10)              #=> []

Returns a new array with the concatenated results of running block once for every element in enum.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

[1, 2, 3, 4].flat_map { |e| [e, -e] } #=> [1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, 4, -4]
[[1, 2], [3, 4]].flat_map { |e| e + [100] } #=> [1, 2, 100, 3, 4, 100]

Returns an array of every element in enum for which Pattern === element. If the optional block is supplied, each matching element is passed to it, and the block’s result is stored in the output array.

(1..100).grep 38..44   #=> [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]
c = IO.constants
c.grep(/SEEK/)         #=> [:SEEK_SET, :SEEK_CUR, :SEEK_END]
res = c.grep(/SEEK/) { |v| IO.const_get(v) }
res                    #=> [0, 1, 2]

Inverted version of #grep. Returns an array of every element in enum for which not Pattern === element.

(1..10).grep_v 2..5   #=> [1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
res =(1..10).grep_v(2..5) { |v| v * 2 }
res                    #=> [2, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]

Groups the collection by result of the block. Returns a hash where the keys are the evaluated result from the block and the values are arrays of elements in the collection that correspond to the key.

If no block is given an enumerator is returned.

(1..6).group_by { |i| i%3 }   #=> {0=>[3, 6], 1=>[1, 4], 2=>[2, 5]}

Alias for #member?.

Combines all elements of enum by applying a binary operation, specified by a block or a symbol that names a method or operator.

The inject and reduce methods are aliases. There is no performance benefit to either.

If you specify a block, then for each element in enum the block is passed an accumulator value (memo) and the element. If you specify a symbol instead, then each element in the collection will be passed to the named method of memo. In either case, the result becomes the new value for memo. At the end of the iteration, the final value of memo is the return value for the method.

If you do not explicitly specify an initial value for memo, then the first element of collection is used as the initial value of memo.

# Sum some numbers
(5..10).reduce(:+)                             #=> 45
# Same using a block and inject
(5..10).inject { |sum, n| sum + n }            #=> 45
# Multiply some numbers
(5..10).reduce(1, :*)                          #=> 151200
# Same using a block
(5..10).inject(1) { |product, n| product * n } #=> 151200
# find the longest word
longest = %w{ cat sheep bear }.inject do |memo, word|
   memo.length > word.length ? memo : word
end
longest                                        #=> "sheep"

Returns a lazy enumerator, whose methods map/collect, flat_map/collect_concat, select/find_all, reject, grep, grep_v, zip, take, take_while, drop, and drop_while enumerate values only on an as-needed basis. However, if a block is given to zip, values are enumerated immediately.

Example

The following program finds pythagorean triples:

def pythagorean_triples
  (1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.flat_map {|z|
    (1..z).flat_map {|x|
      (x..z).select {|y|
        x**2 + y**2 == z**2
      }.map {|y|
        [x, y, z]
      }
    }
  }
end
# show first ten pythagorean triples
p pythagorean_triples.take(10).force # take is lazy, so force is needed
p pythagorean_triples.first(10)      # first is eager
# show pythagorean triples less than 100
p pythagorean_triples.take_while { |*, z| z < 100 }.force

Returns a new array with the results of running block once for every element in enum.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

(1..4).map { |i| i*i }      #=> [1, 4, 9, 16]
(1..4).collect { "cat"  }   #=> ["cat", "cat", "cat", "cat"]

Returns the object in enum with the maximum value. The first form assumes all objects implement ::Comparable; the second uses the block to return a <=> b.

a = %w(albatross dog horse)
a.max                                   #=> "horse"
a.max { |a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> "albatross"

If the n argument is given, maximum n elements are returned as an array, sorted in descending order.

a = %w[albatross dog horse]
a.max(2)                                  #=> ["horse", "dog"]
a.max(2) {|a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> ["albatross", "horse"]
[5, 1, 3, 4, 2].max(3)                    #=> [5, 4, 3]

Returns the object in enum that gives the maximum value from the given block.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

a = %w(albatross dog horse)
a.max_by { |x| x.length }   #=> "albatross"

If the n argument is given, maximum n elements are returned as an array. These n elements are sorted by the value from the given block, in descending order.

a = %w[albatross dog horse]
a.max_by(2) {|x| x.length } #=> ["albatross", "horse"]

enum.max_by(n) can be used to implement weighted random sampling. Following example implements and use Enumerable#wsample.

module Enumerable
  # weighted random sampling.
  #
  # Pavlos S. Efraimidis, Paul G. Spirakis
  # Weighted random sampling with a reservoir
  # Information Processing Letters
  # Volume 97, Issue 5 (16 March 2006)
  def wsample(n)
    self.max_by(n) {|v| rand ** (1.0/yield(v)) }
  end
end
e = (-20..20).to_a*10000
a = e.wsample(20000) {|x|
  Math.exp(-(x/5.0)**2) # normal distribution
}
# a is 20000 samples from e.
p a.length #=> 20000
h = a.group_by {|x| x }
-10.upto(10) {|x| puts "*" * (h[x].length/30.0).to_i if h[x] }
#=> *
#   ***
#   ******
#   ***********
#   ******************
#   *****************************
#   *****************************************
#   ****************************************************
#   ***************************************************************
#   ********************************************************************
#   ***********************************************************************
#   ***********************************************************************
#   **************************************************************
#   ****************************************************
#   ***************************************
#   ***************************
#   ******************
#   ***********
#   *******
#   ***
#   *

Returns true if any member of enum equals obj. Equality is tested using ==.

IO.constants.include? :SEEK_SET          #=> true
IO.constants.include? :SEEK_NO_FURTHER   #=> false
IO.constants.member? :SEEK_SET          #=> true
IO.constants.member? :SEEK_NO_FURTHER   #=> false

Returns the object in enum with the minimum value. The first form assumes all objects implement ::Comparable; the second uses the block to return a <=> b.

a = %w(albatross dog horse)
a.min                                   #=> "albatross"
a.min { |a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> "dog"

If the n argument is given, minimum n elements are returned as a sorted array.

a = %w[albatross dog horse]
a.min(2)                                  #=> ["albatross", "dog"]
a.min(2) {|a, b| a.length <=> b.length }  #=> ["dog", "horse"]
[5, 1, 3, 4, 2].min(3)                    #=> [1, 2, 3]

Returns the object in enum that gives the minimum value from the given block.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

a = %w(albatross dog horse)
a.min_by { |x| x.length }   #=> "dog"

If the n argument is given, minimum n elements are returned as an array. These n elements are sorted by the value from the given block.

a = %w[albatross dog horse]
p a.min_by(2) {|x| x.length } #=> ["dog", "horse"]

Returns a two element array which contains the minimum and the maximum value in the enumerable. The first form assumes all objects implement ::Comparable; the second uses the block to return a <=> b.

a = %w(albatross dog horse)
a.minmax                                  #=> ["albatross", "horse"]
a.minmax { |a, b| a.length <=> b.length } #=> ["dog", "albatross"]

Returns a two element array containing the objects in enum that correspond to the minimum and maximum values respectively from the given block.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

a = %w(albatross dog horse)
a.minmax_by { |x| x.length }   #=> ["dog", "albatross"]

Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method returns true if the block never returns true for all elements. If the block is not given, none? will return true only if none of the collection members is true.

If instead a pattern is supplied, the method returns whether pattern === element for none of the collection members.

%w{ant bear cat}.none? { |word| word.length == 5 } #=> true
%w{ant bear cat}.none? { |word| word.length >= 4 } #=> false
%w{ant bear cat}.none?(/d/)                        #=> true
[1, 3.14, 42].none?(Float)                         #=> false
[].none?                                           #=> true
[nil].none?                                        #=> true
[nil, false].none?                                 #=> true
[nil, false, true].none?                           #=> false

Passes each element of the collection to the given block. The method returns true if the block returns true exactly once. If the block is not given, one? will return true only if exactly one of the collection members is true.

If instead a pattern is supplied, the method returns whether pattern === element for exactly one collection member.

%w{ant bear cat}.one? { |word| word.length == 4 }  #=> true
%w{ant bear cat}.one? { |word| word.length > 4 }   #=> false
%w{ant bear cat}.one? { |word| word.length < 4 }   #=> false
%w{ant bear cat}.one?(/t/)                         #=> false
[ nil, true, 99 ].one?                             #=> false
[ nil, true, false ].one?                          #=> true
[ nil, true, 99 ].one?(Integer)                    #=> true
[].one?                                            #=> false

Returns two arrays, the first containing the elements of enum for which the block evaluates to true, the second containing the rest.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

(1..6).partition { |v| v.even? }  #=> [[2, 4, 6], [1, 3, 5]]

Alias for #inject.

Returns an array for all elements of enum for which the given block returns false.

If no block is given, an ::Enumerator is returned instead.

(1..10).reject { |i|  i % 3 == 0 }   #=> [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5].reject { |num| num.even? } #=> [1, 3, 5]

See also #find_all.

Builds a temporary array and traverses that array in reverse order.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

(1..3).reverse_each { |v| p v }

produces:

3
2
1

Alias for #filter.

Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements. The ends of chunks are defined by pattern and the block.

If pattern === elt returns true or the block returns true for the element, the element is end of a chunk.

The === and block is called from the first element to the last element of enum.

The result enumerator yields the chunked elements as an array. So each method can be called as follows:

enum.slice_after(pattern).each { |ary| ... }
enum.slice_after { |elt| bool }.each { |ary| ... }

Other methods of the ::Enumerator class and Enumerable module, such as #map, etc., are also usable.

For example, continuation lines (lines end with backslash) can be concatenated as follows:

lines = ["foo\n", "bar\\\n", "baz\n", "\n", "qux\n"]
e = lines.slice_after(/(?<!\\)\n\z/)
p e.to_a
#=> [["foo\n"], ["bar\\\n", "baz\n"], ["\n"], ["qux\n"]]
p e.map {|ll| ll[0...-1].map {|l| l.sub(/\\\n\z/, "") }.join + ll.last }
#=>["foo\n", "barbaz\n", "\n", "qux\n"]

Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements. The beginnings of chunks are defined by pattern and the block.

If pattern === elt returns true or the block returns true for the element, the element is beginning of a chunk.

The === and block is called from the first element to the last element of enum. The result for the first element is ignored.

The result enumerator yields the chunked elements as an array. So each method can be called as follows:

enum.slice_before(pattern).each { |ary| ... }
enum.slice_before { |elt| bool }.each { |ary| ... }

Other methods of the ::Enumerator class and Enumerable module, such as #to_a, #map, etc., are also usable.

For example, iteration over ChangeLog entries can be implemented as follows:

# iterate over ChangeLog entries.
open("ChangeLog") { |f|
  f.slice_before(/\A\S/).each { |e| pp e }
}

# same as above.  block is used instead of pattern argument.
open("ChangeLog") { |f|
  f.slice_before { |line| /\A\S/ === line }.each { |e| pp e }
}

“svn proplist -R” produces multiline output for each file. They can be chunked as follows:

IO.popen([{"LC_ALL"=>"C"}, "svn", "proplist", "-R"]) { |f|
  f.lines.slice_before(/\AProp/).each { |lines| p lines }
}
#=> ["Properties on '.':\n", "  svn:ignore\n", "  svk:merge\n"]
#   ["Properties on 'goruby.c':\n", "  svn:eol-style\n"]
#   ["Properties on 'complex.c':\n", "  svn:mime-type\n", "  svn:eol-style\n"]
#   ["Properties on 'regparse.c':\n", "  svn:eol-style\n"]
#   ...

If the block needs to maintain state over multiple elements, local variables can be used. For example, three or more consecutive increasing numbers can be squashed as follows (see #chunk_while for a better way):

a = [0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9]
prev = a[0]
p a.slice_before { |e|
  prev, prev2 = e, prev
  prev2 + 1 != e
}.map { |es|
  es.length <= 2 ? es.join(",") : "#{es.first}-#{es.last}"
}.join(",")
#=> "0,2-4,6,7,9"

However local variables should be used carefully if the result enumerator is enumerated twice or more. The local variables should be initialized for each enumeration. Enumerator.new can be used to do it.

# Word wrapping.  This assumes all characters have same width.
def wordwrap(words, maxwidth)
  Enumerator.new {|y|
    # cols is initialized in Enumerator.new.
    cols = 0
    words.slice_before { |w|
      cols += 1 if cols != 0
      cols += w.length
      if maxwidth < cols
        cols = w.length
        true
      else
        false
      end
    }.each {|ws| y.yield ws }
  }
end
text = (1..20).to_a.join(" ")
enum = wordwrap(text.split(/\s+/), 10)
puts "-"*10
enum.each { |ws| puts ws.join(" ") } # first enumeration.
puts "-"*10
enum.each { |ws| puts ws.join(" ") } # second enumeration generates same result as the first.
puts "-"*10
#=> ----------
#   1 2 3 4 5
#   6 7 8 9 10
#   11 12 13
#   14 15 16
#   17 18 19
#   20
#   ----------
#   1 2 3 4 5
#   6 7 8 9 10
#   11 12 13
#   14 15 16
#   17 18 19
#   20
#   ----------

mbox contains series of mails which start with Unix From line. So each mail can be extracted by slice before Unix From line.

# parse mbox
open("mbox") { |f|
  f.slice_before { |line|
    line.start_with? "From "
  }.each { |mail|
    unix_from = mail.shift
    i = mail.index("\n")
    header = mail[0...i]
    body = mail[(i+1)..-1]
    body.pop if body.last == "\n"
    fields = header.slice_before { |line| !" \t".include?(line[0]) }.to_a
    p unix_from
    pp fields
    pp body
  }
}

# split mails in mbox (slice before Unix From line after an empty line)
open("mbox") { |f|
  emp = true
  f.slice_before { |line|
    prevemp = emp
    emp = line == "\n"
    prevemp && line.start_with?("From ")
  }.each { |mail|
    mail.pop if mail.last == "\n"
    pp mail
  }
}

Creates an enumerator for each chunked elements. The beginnings of chunks are defined by the block.

This method split each chunk using adjacent elements, elt_before and elt_after, in the receiver enumerator. This method split chunks between elt_before and elt_after where the block returns true.

The block is called the length of the receiver enumerator minus one.

The result enumerator yields the chunked elements as an array. So each method can be called as follows:

enum.slice_when { |elt_before, elt_after| bool }.each { |ary| ... }

Other methods of the ::Enumerator class and Enumerable module, such as #to_a, #map, etc., are also usable.

For example, one-by-one increasing subsequence can be chunked as follows:

a = [1,2,4,9,10,11,12,15,16,19,20,21]
b = a.slice_when {|i, j| i+1 != j }
p b.to_a #=> [[1, 2], [4], [9, 10, 11, 12], [15, 16], [19, 20, 21]]
c = b.map {|a| a.length < 3 ? a : "#{a.first}-#{a.last}" }
p c #=> [[1, 2], [4], "9-12", [15, 16], "19-21"]
d = c.join(",")
p d #=> "1,2,4,9-12,15,16,19-21"

Near elements (threshold: 6) in sorted array can be chunked as follows:

a = [3, 11, 14, 25, 28, 29, 29, 41, 55, 57]
p a.slice_when {|i, j| 6 < j - i }.to_a
#=> [[3], [11, 14], [25, 28, 29, 29], [41], [55, 57]]

Increasing (non-decreasing) subsequence can be chunked as follows:

a = [0, 9, 2, 2, 3, 2, 7, 5, 9, 5]
p a.slice_when {|i, j| i > j }.to_a
#=> [[0, 9], [2, 2, 3], [2, 7], [5, 9], [5]]

Adjacent evens and odds can be chunked as follows: (Enumerable#chunk is another way to do it.)

a = [7, 5, 9, 2, 0, 7, 9, 4, 2, 0]
p a.slice_when {|i, j| i.even? != j.even? }.to_a
#=> [[7, 5, 9], [2, 0], [7, 9], [4, 2, 0]]

Paragraphs (non-empty lines with trailing empty lines) can be chunked as follows: (See #chunk to ignore empty lines.)

lines = ["foo\n", "bar\n", "\n", "baz\n", "qux\n"]
p lines.slice_when {|l1, l2| /\A\s*\z/ =~ l1 && /\S/ =~ l2 }.to_a
#=> [["foo\n", "bar\n", "\n"], ["baz\n", "qux\n"]]

#chunk_while does the same, except splitting when the block returns false instead of true.

Returns an array containing the items in enum sorted.

Comparisons for the sort will be done using the items’ own <=> operator or using an optional code block.

The block must implement a comparison between a and b and return an integer less than 0 when b follows a, 0 when a and b are equivalent, or an integer greater than 0 when a follows b.

The result is not guaranteed to be stable. When the comparison of two elements returns 0, the order of the elements is unpredictable.

%w(rhea kea flea).sort           #=> ["flea", "kea", "rhea"]
(1..10).sort { |a, b| b <=> a }  #=> [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

See also #sort_by. It implements a Schwartzian transform which is useful when key computation or comparison is expensive.

Sorts enum using a set of keys generated by mapping the values in enum through the given block.

The result is not guaranteed to be stable. When two keys are equal, the order of the corresponding elements is unpredictable.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

%w{apple pear fig}.sort_by { |word| word.length }
              #=> ["fig", "pear", "apple"]

The current implementation of sort_by generates an array of tuples containing the original collection element and the mapped value. This makes sort_by fairly expensive when the keysets are simple.

require 'benchmark'

a = (1..100000).map { rand(100000) }

Benchmark.bm(10) do |b|
  b.report("Sort")    { a.sort }
  b.report("Sort by") { a.sort_by { |a| a } }
end

produces:

user     system      total        real
Sort        0.180000   0.000000   0.180000 (  0.175469)
Sort by     1.980000   0.040000   2.020000 (  2.013586)

However, consider the case where comparing the keys is a non-trivial operation. The following code sorts some files on modification time using the basic #sort method.

files = Dir["*"]
sorted = files.sort { |a, b| File.new(a).mtime <=> File.new(b).mtime }
sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]

This sort is inefficient: it generates two new ::File objects during every comparison. A slightly better technique is to use the Kernel#test method to generate the modification times directly.

files = Dir["*"]
sorted = files.sort { |a, b|
  test(?M, a) <=> test(?M, b)
}
sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]

This still generates many unnecessary ::Time objects. A more efficient technique is to cache the sort keys (modification times in this case) before the sort. Perl users often call this approach a Schwartzian transform, after Randal Schwartz. We construct a temporary array, where each element is an array containing our sort key along with the filename. We sort this array, and then extract the filename from the result.

sorted = Dir["*"].collect { |f|
   [test(?M, f), f]
}.sort.collect { |f| f[1] }
sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]

This is exactly what sort_by does internally.

sorted = Dir["*"].sort_by { |f| test(?M, f) }
sorted   #=> ["mon", "tues", "wed", "thurs"]

Returns the sum of elements in an Enumerable.

If a block is given, the block is applied to each element before addition.

If enum is empty, it returns init.

For example:

{ 1 => 10, 2 => 20 }.sum {|k, v| k * v }  #=> 50
(1..10).sum                               #=> 55
(1..10).sum {|v| v * 2 }                  #=> 110
[Object.new].each.sum                     #=> TypeError

This method can be used for non-numeric objects by explicit init argument.

{ 1 => 10, 2 => 20 }.sum([])                   #=> [1, 10, 2, 20]
"a\nb\nc".each_line.lazy.map(&:chomp).sum("")  #=> "abc"

sum method may not respect method redefinition of “+” methods such as Integer#+.

Returns first n elements from enum.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
a.take(3)             #=> [1, 2, 3]
a.take(30)            #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]

Passes elements to the block until the block returns nil or false, then stops iterating and returns an array of all prior elements.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0]
a.take_while { |i| i < 3 }   #=> [1, 2]

Returns an array containing the items in enum.

(1..7).to_a                       #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
{ 'a'=>1, 'b'=>2, 'c'=>3 }.to_a   #=> [["a", 1], ["b", 2], ["c", 3]]

require 'prime'
Prime.entries 10                  #=> [2, 3, 5, 7]

Returns the result of interpreting enum as a list of [key, value] pairs.

%i[hello world].each_with_index.to_h
  # => {:hello => 0, :world => 1}

If a block is given, the results of the block on each element of the enum will be used as pairs.

(1..5).to_h {|x| [x, x ** 2]}
  #=> {1=>1, 2=>4, 3=>9, 4=>16, 5=>25}

Returns a new array by removing duplicate values in self.

See also Array#uniq.

Takes one element from enum and merges corresponding elements from each args. This generates a sequence of n-element arrays, where n is one more than the count of arguments. The length of the resulting sequence will be enum#size. If the size of any argument is less than enum#size, nil values are supplied. If a block is given, it is invoked for each output array, otherwise an array of arrays is returned.

a = [ 4, 5, 6 ]
b = [ 7, 8, 9 ]

a.zip(b)                 #=> [[4, 7], [5, 8], [6, 9]]
[1, 2, 3].zip(a, b)      #=> [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]
[1, 2].zip(a, b)         #=> [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8]]
a.zip([1, 2], [8])       #=> [[4, 1, 8], [5, 2, nil], [6, nil, nil]]

c = []
a.zip(b) { |x, y| c << x + y }  #=> nil
c                               #=> [11, 13, 15]