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Class: IO::Buffer

Relationships & Source Files
Namespace Children
Exceptions:
AccessError, AllocationError, InvalidatedError, LockedError, MaskError
Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance
Instance Chain:
self, ::Comparable
Inherits: Object
Defined in: io_buffer.c,
io_buffer.c

Overview

Buffer is a efficient zero-copy buffer for input/output. There are typical use cases:

  • Create an empty buffer with .new, fill it with buffer using #copy or #set_value, #set_string, get buffer with #get_string or write it directly to some file with #write.
  • Create a buffer mapped to some string with .for, then it could be used both for reading with #get_string or #get_value, and writing (writing will change the source string, too).
  • Create a buffer mapped to some file with .map, then it could be used for reading and writing the underlying file.
  • Create a string of a fixed size with .string, then #read into it, or modify it using #set_value.

Interaction with string and file memory is performed by efficient low-level C mechanisms like memcpy.

The class is meant to be an utility for implementing more high-level mechanisms like Fiber::Scheduler#io_read and Fiber::Scheduler#io_write and parsing binary protocols.

MemoryView Support

Buffer supports the C-level MemoryView protocol, so C extensions can use rb_memory_view_get() to access the buffer's memory directly (zero-copy) as a 1-dimensional contiguous array of bytes. The memory view is writable if the buffer is not #readonly? and RUBY_MEMORY_VIEW_WRITABLE is specified.

While a MemoryView is exported, the buffer is locked.

Examples of Usage

Empty buffer:

buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)  # create empty 8-byte buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d1a5c50+8 INTERNAL>
# ...
buffer
# =>
# <IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d156ab0+8 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
buffer.set_string('test', 2) # put there bytes of the "test" string, starting from offset 2
# => 4
buffer.get_string  # get the result
# => "\x00\x00test\x00\x00"

Buffer from string:

string = 'data'
IO::Buffer.for(string) do |buffer|
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
# 0x00000000  64 61 74 61                                     data

buffer.get_string(2)  # read content starting from offset 2
# => "ta"
buffer.set_string('---', 1) # write content, starting from offset 1
# => 3
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
# 0x00000000  64 2d 2d 2d                                     d---
string  # original string changed, too
# => "d---"
end

Buffer from file:

File.write('test.txt', 'test data')
# => 9
buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f0768c000+9 EXTERNAL MAPPED FILE SHARED READONLY>
# ...
buffer.get_string(5, 2) # read 2 bytes, starting from offset 5
# => "da"
buffer.set_string('---', 1) # attempt to write
# in `set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)

# To create writable file-mapped buffer
# Open file for read-write, pass size, offset, and flags=0
buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'), 9, 0, 0)
buffer.set_string('---', 1)
# => 3 -- bytes written
File.read('test.txt')
# => "t--- data"

The class is experimental and the interface is subject to change, this is especially true of file mappings which may be removed entirely in the future.

Constant Summary

Class Method Summary

Instance Attribute Summary

Instance Method Summary

::Comparable - Included

#<

Returns whether self is "less than" other; equivalent to (self <=> other) < 0:
#<=

Returns whether self is "less than or equal to" other; equivalent to (self <=> other) <= 0:
#==

Compares two objects based on the receiver's #<=> method, returning true if it returns 0.
#>

Returns whether self is "greater than" other; equivalent to (self <=> other) > 0:
#>=

Returns whether self is "greater than or equal to" other; equivalent to (self <=> other) >= 0:
#between?

Returns false if obj #<=> min is less than zero or if obj #<=> max is greater than zero, true otherwise.
#clamp

In (min, max) form, returns min if obj #<=> min is less than zero, max if obj #<=> max is greater than zero, and obj otherwise.

Constructor Details

.new([size = DEFAULT_SIZE, [flags]]) ⇒ Buffer

Create a new zero-filled Buffer of #size bytes. By default, the buffer will be internal: directly allocated chunk of the memory. But if the requested #size is more than OS-specific PAGE_SIZE, the buffer would be allocated using the virtual memory mechanism (anonymous mmap on Unix, VirtualAlloc on Windows). The behavior can be forced by passing MAPPED as a second parameter.

SHARED and PRIVATE imply MAPPED and are mutually exclusive. Otherwise, if flags do not include an allocation mode, INTERNAL or MAPPED is inferred from the requested size. The two allocation modes are mutually exclusive.

buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000055b34497ea10+4 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  00 00 00 00                                     ....

buffer.get_string(0, 1) # => "\x00"

buffer.set_string("test")
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000055b34497ea10+4 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test
[ GitHub ] 

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 1055



VALUE
rb_io_buffer_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);

    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    size_t size;
    if (argc > 0) {
        size = io_buffer_extract_size(argv[0]);
    }
    else {
        size = RUBY_IO_BUFFER_DEFAULT_SIZE;
    }

    enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags = 0;
    if (argc >= 2) {
        flags = io_buffer_extract_flags(argv[1]);
    }
    flags = io_buffer_flags_for_new(flags, size);

    io_buffer_initialize(self, buffer, NULL, size, flags, Qnil);

    return self;
}


  







Class Method Details



  

    

      .for(string)  ⇒ Buffer 
      .for(string) {|io_buffer| ... } 
    

  



  

    
Creates a zero-copy Buffer from the given string's memory. Without a
block a frozen internal copy of the string is created efficiently and used
as the buffer source. When a block is provided, the buffer is associated
directly with the string's internal buffer and updating the buffer will
update the string.


Until #free is invoked on the buffer, either explicitly or via the garbage
collector, the source string will be locked and cannot be modified.


If the string is frozen, it will create a read-only buffer which cannot be
modified. If the string is shared, it may trigger a copy-on-write when
using the block form.


string = 'test'
buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
buffer.external? #=> true

buffer.get_string(0, 1)
# => "t"
string
# => "test"

buffer.resize(100)
# in `resize': Cannot resize external buffer! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)

IO::Buffer.for(string) do |buffer|
buffer.set_string("T")
string
# => "Test"
end

  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 742



VALUE
rb_io_buffer_type_for(VALUE klass, VALUE string)
{
    StringValue(string);

    // If the string is frozen, both code paths are okay.
    // If the string is not frozen, if a block is not given, it must be frozen.
    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
        struct io_buffer_for_yield_instance_arguments arguments = {
            .klass = klass,
            .string = string,
            .instance = Qnil,
            .flags = 0,
        };

        return rb_ensure(io_buffer_for_yield_instance, (VALUE)&arguments, io_buffer_for_yield_instance_ensure, (VALUE)&arguments);
    }
    else {
        // This internally returns the source string if it's already frozen.
        string = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(string);
        return io_buffer_for_make_instance(klass, string, RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY);
    }
}


  








  

    .map(file, [size, [offset, [flags]]])  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Create an Buffer for reading from file by memory-mapping the file.
file should be a ::File instance, opened for reading or reading and writing.


Optional #size and offset of mapping can be specified. The offset must
be a multiple of MAP_ALIGNMENT. The #size does not need to be
aligned. Trying to map an empty file or specify #size of 0 will raise an
error.


By default, the buffer is writable and expects the file to be writable.
It is also shared, so several processes can use the same mapping.


The mapping mode may be explicitly selected with SHARED or
PRIVATE, but the two flags are mutually exclusive.
MAPPED is accepted but redundant because this method always
creates a mapped buffer. INTERNAL and EXTERNAL
cannot be specified.


You can pass READONLY in flags argument to make a read-only buffer;
this allows to work with files opened only for reading.
Specifying PRIVATE in flags creates a private mapping,
which will not impact other processes or the underlying file.
It also allows updating a buffer created from a read-only file.


File.write('test.txt', 'test')

buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
# => #<IO::Buffer 0x00000001014a0000+4 EXTERNAL MAPPED FILE SHARED READONLY>

buffer.readonly?   # => true

buffer.get_string
# => "test"

buffer.set_string('b', 0)
# 'IO::Buffer#set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)

# create read/write mapping: length 4 bytes, offset 0, flags 0
buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'), 4, 0)
buffer.set_string('b', 0)
# => 1

# Check it
File.read('test.txt')
# => "best"


Note that some operating systems may not have cache coherency between mapped
buffers and file reads.

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 895



static VALUE
io_buffer_map(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);

    // We might like to handle a string path?
    VALUE io = argv[0];

    rb_off_t file_size = rb_file_size(io);
    // Compiler can confirm that we handled file_size <= 0 case:
    if (UNLIKELY(file_size <= 0)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid negative or zero file size!");
    }
    // Here, we assume that file_size is positive:
    else if (UNLIKELY((uintmax_t)file_size > SIZE_MAX)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "File larger than address space!");
    }

    size_t size;
    if (argc >= 2 && !RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
        size = io_buffer_extract_size(argv[1]);
        if (UNLIKELY(size == 0)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Size can't be zero!");
        }
        if (UNLIKELY(size > (size_t)file_size)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
                     "Size (%" PRIuSIZE ") can't be larger than "
                     "file size (%" PRIuSIZE ")",
                     size,
                     (size_t)file_size);
        }
    }
    else {
        // This conversion should be safe:
        size = (size_t)file_size;
    }

    // This is the file offset, not the buffer offset:
    rb_off_t offset = 0;
    if (argc >= 3) {
        offset = NUM2OFFT(argv[2]);
        if (UNLIKELY(offset < 0)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
                     "Offset (%" PRIsVALUE ") can't be negative!",
                     argv[2]);
        }
        if (UNLIKELY(offset >= file_size)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
                     "Offset (%" PRIsVALUE ") can't be larger than "
                     "file size (%" PRIuSIZE ")",
                     argv[2],
                     (size_t)file_size);
        }
        if (RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
            // Decrease size if it's set from the actual file size:
            size = (size_t)(file_size - offset);
        }
        else if (UNLIKELY((size_t)(file_size - offset) < size)) {
            size_t maximum_offset =
                (file_size - size) / RUBY_IO_BUFFER_MAP_ALIGNMENT *
                RUBY_IO_BUFFER_MAP_ALIGNMENT;
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
                     "Offset (%" PRIsVALUE ") can't be larger than "
                     "%" PRIuSIZE " for requested size (%" PRIuSIZE ")",
                     argv[2],
                     maximum_offset,
                     size);
        }
    }

    enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags = 0;
    if (argc >= 4) {
        flags = io_buffer_extract_flags(argv[3]);
    }
    flags = io_buffer_flags_for_map(flags);

    return rb_io_buffer_map(io, size, offset, flags);
}


  








  

    

      .size_of(buffer_type)  ⇒ byte size 
      .size_of(array of buffer_type)  ⇒ byte size 
    

  



  

    
Returns the size of the given buffer type(s) in bytes.


IO::Buffer.size_of(:u32) # => 4
IO::Buffer.size_of([:u32, :u32]) # => 8

  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2502



static VALUE
io_buffer_size_of(VALUE klass, VALUE buffer_type)
{
    if (RB_TYPE_P(buffer_type, T_ARRAY)) {
        size_t total = 0;
        for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(buffer_type); i++) {
            total += io_buffer_buffer_type_size(TYPE_ID(RARRAY_AREF(buffer_type, i)));
        }
        return SIZET2NUM(total);
    }
    else {
        return SIZET2NUM(io_buffer_buffer_type_size(TYPE_ID(buffer_type)));
    }
}


  








  

    .string(length) {|io_buffer| ... } ⇒ String   



  

    
Creates a new string of the given length and yields a zero-copy Buffer
instance to the block which uses the string as a source. The block is
expected to write to the buffer and the string will be returned.


IO::Buffer.string(4) do |buffer|
 buffer.set_string("Ruby")
end
# => "Ruby"

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 779



VALUE
rb_io_buffer_type_string(VALUE klass, VALUE length)
{
    VALUE string = rb_str_new(NULL, RB_NUM2LONG(length));

    struct io_buffer_for_yield_instance_arguments arguments = {
        .klass = klass,
        .string = string,
        .instance = Qnil,
    };

    rb_ensure(io_buffer_for_yield_instance, (VALUE)&arguments, io_buffer_for_yield_instance_ensure, (VALUE)&arguments);

    return string;
}


  







Instance Attribute Details



  

    #empty?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #external?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #internal?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #locked   (readonly)  



  

    
Prevents the buffer or its buffer source from being moved or freed while
the block is executing. Locks are nested and shared with slices backed by
the same buffer source. The source remains locked until every nested lock
has been released.


Locking protects allocation lifetime; it does not serialize access to the
bytes. Code that shares mutable buffer contents between threads must still
use appropriate synchronization.


buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
buffer.locked? #=> false

Fiber.schedule do
buffer.locked do
  buffer.write(io) # theoretical system call interface
end
end

Fiber.schedule do
buffer.locked do
  buffer.set_string("test", 0) # Nested locking is allowed.
end
end

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 1799



VALUE
rb_io_buffer_locked(VALUE self)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    // Only yield the block for a currently valid view. In particular, an
    // invalid slice should not lock its source.
    io_buffer_validate_for_reading(buffer);

    io_buffer_lock(buffer);

    return rb_ensure(rb_yield, self, rb_io_buffer_locked_ensure, self);
}


  








  

    #locked?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #mapped?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #null?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #private?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #readonly?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #shared?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #valid?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  

  [ GitHub ]





Instance Method Details



  

    #&(mask)  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the binary AND
operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.


IO::Buffer.for("1234567890") & IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF")
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00005589b2758480+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  31 00 00 34 35 00 00 38 39 00                   1..45..89.

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3838



static VALUE
io_buffer_and(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = get_io_buffer(mask);

    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);

    const void *mask_base;
    size_t mask_size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(mask_buffer, &mask_base, &mask_size);

    io_buffer_check_mask_size(mask_size);

    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, size, io_flags_for_size(size));
    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = get_io_buffer(output);

    memory_and(output_buffer->base, base, size, mask_base, mask_size);

    return output;
}


  








  

    #<=>(other)  ⇒ Integer   



  

    
Returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer if the receiver is
less than, equal to, or greater than other, respectively.


Buffers are compared by size first, and if the sizes are equal, by the exact
contents of the memory they are referencing using memcmp. Only the sign of
the returned integer is meaningful; the result of memcmp is returned as is.


IO::Buffer.for("abc") <=> IO::Buffer.for("abc") # => 0
IO::Buffer.for("abc") <=> IO::Buffer.for("ab")  # => 1
IO::Buffer.for("abc") <=> IO::Buffer.for("abd") # => -1

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2266



static VALUE
rb_io_buffer_compare(VALUE self, VALUE other)
{
    const void *ptr1, *ptr2;
    size_t size1, size2;

    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &ptr1, &size1);
    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(other, &ptr2, &size2);

    if (size1 < size2) {
        return RB_INT2NUM(-1);
    }

    if (size1 > size2) {
        return RB_INT2NUM(1);
    }

    if (size1 == 0) {
        return RB_INT2NUM(0);
    }

    RUBY_ASSERT(ptr1 != NULL);
    RUBY_ASSERT(ptr2 != NULL);
    return RB_INT2NUM(memcmp(ptr1, ptr2, size1));
}


  








  

    #^(mask)  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the binary XOR
operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.


IO::Buffer.for("1234567890") ^ IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF")
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000055a2d5d10480+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  ce 32 33 cb ca 36 37 c7 c6 30                   .23..67..0

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3928



static VALUE
io_buffer_xor(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = get_io_buffer(mask);

    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);

    const void *mask_base;
    size_t mask_size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(mask_buffer, &mask_base, &mask_size);

    io_buffer_check_mask_size(mask_size);

    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, size, io_flags_for_size(size));
    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = get_io_buffer(output);

    memory_xor(output_buffer->base, base, size, mask_base, mask_size);

    return output;
}


  








  

    #and!(mask)  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Modify the source buffer in place by applying the binary AND
operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.


source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a0d0c20+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

source.and!(IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF"))
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a0d0c20+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  31 00 00 34 35 00 00 38 39 00                   1..45..89.

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 4032



static VALUE
io_buffer_and_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = get_io_buffer(mask);

    io_buffer_check_mask_size(mask_buffer->size);
    io_buffer_check_overlaps(buffer, mask_buffer);

    void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);

    const void *mask_base;
    size_t mask_size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(mask_buffer, &mask_base, &mask_size);

    memory_and_inplace(base, size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);

    return self;
}


  








  

    #bit_count([offset, [length]])  ⇒ Integer   



  

    
Returns the number of set bits (1s) in the buffer, also known as the
Hamming weight or population count. An optional offset and length
can be provided to count bits in a subrange of the buffer.


IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x0F").bit_count
# => 12

IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x0F").bit_count(1, 2)
# => 4

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 4225



static VALUE
io_buffer_bit_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);

    size_t offset, length;
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc, argv, &offset, &length);

    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);

    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);

    if (length == 0) return SIZET2NUM(0);

    RUBY_ASSERT(base != NULL);
    size_t count = memory_bit_count((const unsigned char *)base + offset, length);

    return SIZET2NUM(count);
}


  








  

    #clear(value = 0, [offset, [length]])  ⇒ self   



  

    
Fill buffer with value, starting with offset and going for length
bytes.


buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test').dup
# =>
#   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 INTERNAL>
#   0x00000000  74 65 73 74         test

buffer.clear
# =>
#   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 INTERNAL>
#   0x00000000  00 00 00 00         ....

buf.clear(1) # fill with 1
# =>
#   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 INTERNAL>
#   0x00000000  01 01 01 01         ....

buffer.clear(2, 1, 2) # fill with 2, starting from offset 1, for 2 bytes
# =>
#   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 INTERNAL>
#   0x00000000  01 02 02 01         ....

buffer.clear(2, 1) # fill with 2, starting from offset 1
# =>
#   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 INTERNAL>
#   0x00000000  01 02 02 02         ....

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3365



static VALUE
io_buffer_clear(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);

    uint8_t value = 0;
    if (argc >= 1) {
        value = NUM2UINT(argv[0]);
    }

    size_t offset, length;
    io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &length);

    rb_io_buffer_clear(self, value, offset, length);

    return self;
}


  








  

    #copy(source, [offset, [length, [source_offset]]])  ⇒ size   



  

    
Efficiently copy from a source Buffer into the buffer, at offset
using memmove. For copying ::String instances, see #set_string.


buffer = IO::Buffer.new(32)
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5ca22520+32 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
# 0x00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................  *

buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 8)
# => 4 -- size of buffer copied
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5cf8fe40+32 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 74 65 73 74 00 00 00 00 ........test....
# 0x00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ *


#copy can be used to put buffer into strings associated with buffer:


string = "data:    "
# => "data:    "
buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string) do |buffer|
buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 5)
end
# => 4
string
# => "data:test"


Attempt to copy into a read-only buffer will fail:


File.write('test.txt', 'test')
buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 8)
# in `copy': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)


See .map for details of creation of mutable file mappings, this will
work:


buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'))
buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("boom"), 0)
# => 4
File.read('test.txt')
# => "boom"


Attempt to copy the buffer which will need place outside of buffer's
bounds will fail:


buffer = IO::Buffer.new(2)
buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for('test'), 0)
# in `copy': Specified offset+length is bigger than the buffer size! (ArgumentError)


It is safe to copy between memory regions that overlaps each other.
In such case, the data is copied as if the data was first copied from the source buffer to
a temporary buffer, and then copied from the temporary buffer to the destination buffer.


buffer = IO::Buffer.new(10)
buffer.set_string("0123456789")
buffer.copy(buffer, 3, 7)
# => 7
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056494f8ce440+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  30 31 32 30 31 32 33 34 35 36                   0120123456

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3216



static VALUE
io_buffer_copy(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);

    VALUE source = argv[0];
    struct io_buffer_copy_arguments arguments = {
        .destination = self,
        .argc = argc-1,
        .argv = argv+1,
    };

    // Lock the source first, then io_buffer_copy_from_readable nests the
    // destination lock. The scoped helpers use rb_ensure, so the destination
    // is unlocked before the source on both normal and exceptional returns.
    // If both buffers share an allocation, its reference-counted lock is
    // acquired and released twice.
    return rb_io_buffer_locked_for_reading(source, io_buffer_copy_from_readable, (VALUE)&arguments);
}


  








  

    #free  ⇒ self   



  

    
If the buffer references memory, release it back to the operating system.


    

  • for a mapped buffer (e.g. from file): unmap.
    • 

  • for a buffer created from scratch: free memory.
    • 

  • for a buffer created from string: undo the association.
    • 



After releasing any referenced memory, the buffer is reset to a valid,
empty, null state. It has no backing storage and its size is zero.
Zero-length operations remain valid, while operations requiring bytes fail
normal bounds checking.


You can resize the buffer to allocate new storage.


buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
buffer.free
# => #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL>

buffer.null?      # => true
buffer.empty?     # => true
buffer.valid?     # => true
buffer.get_string # => ""

buffer.get_value(:U8, 0) # raises ArgumentError


A frozen buffer cannot be freed, as that would release the memory its
contents live in:


buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test').freeze
buffer.free
# in `free': can't modify frozen IO::Buffer (FrozenError)

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 1860



static VALUE
io_buffer_free(VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_frozen(self);

    return rb_io_buffer_free(self);
}


  








  

    #get_string([offset, [length, [encoding]]])  ⇒ String   



  

    
Read a chunk or all of the buffer into a string, in the specified
encoding. If no encoding is provided Encoding::BINARY is used.


buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
buffer.get_string
# => "test"
buffer.get_string(2)
# => "st"
buffer.get_string(2, 1)
# => "s"

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3250



static VALUE
io_buffer_get_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);

    size_t offset, length;
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc, argv, &offset, &length);

    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);

    rb_encoding *encoding;
    if (argc >= 3) {
        encoding = rb_find_encoding(argv[2]);
    }
    else {
        encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
    }

    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);

    const char *data = base ? (const char*)base + offset : NULL;

    return rb_enc_str_new(data, length, encoding);
}


  








  

    #get_value(buffer_type, offset)  ⇒ Numeric   



  

    
Read from buffer a value of type at offset. buffer_type should be one
of symbols:


    

  • :U8: unsigned integer, 1 byte
    • 

  • :S8: signed integer, 1 byte
    • 

  • :u16: unsigned integer, 2 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :U16: unsigned integer, 2 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :s16: signed integer, 2 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :S16: signed integer, 2 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :u32: unsigned integer, 4 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :U32: unsigned integer, 4 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :s32: signed integer, 4 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :S32: signed integer, 4 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :u64: unsigned integer, 8 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :U64: unsigned integer, 8 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :s64: signed integer, 8 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :S64: signed integer, 8 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :u128: unsigned integer, 16 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :U128: unsigned integer, 16 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :s128: signed integer, 16 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :S128: signed integer, 16 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :f32: float, 4 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :F32: float, 4 bytes, big-endian
    • 

  • :f64: double, 8 bytes, little-endian
    • 

  • :F64: double, 8 bytes, big-endian
    • 



A buffer type refers specifically to the type of binary buffer that is stored
in the buffer. For example, a :u32 buffer type is a 32-bit unsigned
integer in little-endian format.


string = [1.5].pack('f')
# => "\x00\x00\xC0?"
IO::Buffer.for(string).get_value(:f32, 0)
# => 1.5

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2591



static VALUE
io_buffer_get_value(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE _offset)
{
    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);

    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

    return rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, TYPE_ID(type), &offset);
}


  








  

    #get_values(buffer_types, offset)  ⇒ Array   



  

    
Similar to #get_value, except that it can handle multiple buffer types and
returns an array of values.


string = [1.5, 2.5].pack('ff')
IO::Buffer.for(string).get_values([:f32, :f32], 0)
# => [1.5, 2.5]

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2613



static VALUE
io_buffer_get_values(VALUE self, VALUE buffer_types, VALUE _offset)
{
    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);

    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

    if (!RB_TYPE_P(buffer_types, T_ARRAY)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument buffer_types should be an array!");
    }

    VALUE array = rb_ary_new_capa(RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types));

    for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types); i++) {
        VALUE type = rb_ary_entry(buffer_types, i);
        VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, TYPE_ID(type), &offset);
        rb_ary_push(array, value);
    }

    return array;
}


  








  

    #hexdump([offset, [length, [width]]])  ⇒ String?   



  

    
Returns a human-readable string representation of the buffer. The exact
format is subject to change.


Returns nil if the buffer does not reference any memory, that is, if
#null? returns true (for example after #free or #transfer).


buffer = IO::Buffer.for("Hello World")
puts buffer.hexdump
# 0x00000000  48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64                Hello World


As buffers are usually fairly big, you may want to limit the output by
specifying the offset and length:


puts buffer.hexdump(6, 5)
# 0x00000006  57 6f 72 6c 64                                  World

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 1924



static VALUE
rb_io_buffer_hexdump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);

    size_t offset, length;
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc, argv, &offset, &length);

    size_t width = RB_IO_BUFFER_HEXDUMP_DEFAULT_WIDTH;
    if (argc >= 3) {
        width = io_buffer_extract_width(argv[2], 1);
    }

    // This may raise an exception if the offset/length is invalid:
    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);

    VALUE result = Qnil;

    if (io_buffer_validate(buffer) && buffer->base) {
        result = rb_str_buf_new(io_buffer_hexdump_output_size(width, length, 1));

        io_buffer_hexdump(result, width, buffer->base, offset+length, offset, 1);
    }

    return result;
}


  








  

    #not!  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Modify the source buffer in place by applying the unary NOT
operation to the source.


source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a33a450+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

source.not!
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a33a450+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 cf                   ..........

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 4176



static VALUE
io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);

    memory_not_inplace(base, size);

    return self;
}


  








  

    #or!(mask)  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Modify the source buffer in place by applying the binary OR
operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.


source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a272350+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

source.or!(IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF"))
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a272350+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  ff 32 33 ff ff 36 37 ff ff 30                   .23..67..0

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 4080



static VALUE
io_buffer_or_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = get_io_buffer(mask);

    io_buffer_check_mask_size(mask_buffer->size);
    io_buffer_check_overlaps(buffer, mask_buffer);

    void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);

    const void *mask_base;
    size_t mask_size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(mask_buffer, &mask_base, &mask_size);

    memory_or_inplace(base, size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);

    return self;
}


  








  

    #read(io, [offset, [length]])  ⇒ read length, -errno   



  

    
Perform one read operation of at most length bytes from io into the
buffer starting at offset. A short read is a normal result. If an error
occurs, return -errno.


If offset is not given, it defaults to zero, i.e. the beginning of the
buffer. If length is not given, it defaults to the size of the buffer
minus the offset. A zero length is a no-op.


IO::Buffer.for('test') do |buffer|
p buffer
# =>
# <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
# 0x00000000  74 65 73 74         test
buffer.read(File.open('/dev/urandom', 'rb'), 0, 2)
p buffer
# =>
# <IO::Buffer 0x00007f3bc65f2a58+4 EXTERNAL SLICE>
# 0x00000000  05 35 73 74         .5st
end

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3530



static VALUE
io_buffer_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 3);

    VALUE io = argv[0];

    size_t offset, length;
    io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &length);

    return rb_io_buffer_read(self, io, offset, length);
}


  








  

    #resize(new_size)  ⇒ self   



  

    
Resizes a buffer to a new_size bytes, preserving its content.
Depending on the old and new size, the memory area associated with
the buffer might be either extended, or rellocated at different
address with content being copied.


buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
buffer.set_string("test", 0)
buffer.resize(8) # resize to 8 bytes
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d1a1630+8 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  74 65 73 74 00 00 00 00                         test....


When the buffer is a slice, resizing changes the size of the view without
modifying the source buffer or allocating new storage. The resized view
must remain within the source buffer. Growing the view exposes the existing
bytes in the source; they are not cleared. Because the source allocation
does not change, a slice can be resized while its source is locked.


External owning buffers (created with .for), and locked owning buffers
cannot be resized. Frozen buffers cannot be resized.

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2242



static VALUE
io_buffer_resize(VALUE self, VALUE size)
{
    rb_check_frozen(self);

    rb_io_buffer_resize(self, io_buffer_extract_size(size));

    return self;
}


  








  

    #set_string(string, [offset, [length, [source_offset]]])  ⇒ size   



  

    
Efficiently copy from a source ::String into the buffer, at offset using
memmove.


buf = IO::Buffer.new(8)
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000557412714a20+8 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         ........

# set buffer starting from offset 1, take 2 bytes starting from string's
# second
buf.set_string('test', 1, 2, 1)
# => 2
buf
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000557412714a20+8 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  00 65 73 00 00 00 00 00                         .es.....


See also #copy for examples of how buffer writing might be used for changing
associated strings and files.

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3300



static VALUE
io_buffer_set_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);

    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    VALUE string = rb_str_to_str(argv[0]);

    const void *source_base = RSTRING_PTR(string);
    size_t source_size = RSTRING_LEN(string);

    VALUE result = io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
    RB_GC_GUARD(string);
    return result;
}


  








  

    #set_value(type, _offset, value)  
  

  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2912



static VALUE
io_buffer_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE _offset, VALUE value)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer_for_writing(self);
    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);
    rb_io_buffer_set_value(buffer, type, &offset, value);
    return SIZET2NUM(offset);
}


  








  

    #set_values(buffer_types, offset, values)  ⇒ offset   



  

    
Write #values of buffer_types at offset to the buffer. buffer_types
should be an array of symbols as described in #get_value. #values should
be an array of values to write. Returns the offset just after the last
written value.


buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)
buffer.set_values([:U8, :U16], 0, [1, 2])
# => 3
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x696f717561746978+8 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  01 00 02 00 00 00 00 00                         ........

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2937



static VALUE
io_buffer_set_values(VALUE self, VALUE buffer_types, VALUE _offset, VALUE values)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer_for_writing(self);

    if (!RB_TYPE_P(buffer_types, T_ARRAY)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument buffer_types should be an array!");
    }

    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);

    if (!RB_TYPE_P(values, T_ARRAY)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument values should be an array!");
    }

    if (RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types) != RARRAY_LEN(values)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument buffer_types and values should have the same length!");
    }

    for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types); i++) {
        VALUE type = rb_ary_entry(buffer_types, i);
        VALUE value = rb_ary_entry(values, i);
        rb_io_buffer_set_value(buffer, type, &offset, value);
    }

    return SIZET2NUM(offset);
}


  








  

    #size  
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #slice([offset, [length]])  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Produce another Buffer which is a slice (or view into) the current one
starting at offset bytes and going for length bytes.


The slicing happens without copying memory. The slice retains its root
buffer and becomes invalid if that root is freed, transferred, resized so
that the slice is outside its bounds, or otherwise invalidated.


If the offset is not given, it will be zero. If the offset is negative, it
will raise an ::ArgumentError.


If the length is not given, the slice will be as long as the original
buffer minus the specified offset. If the length is negative, it will raise
an ::ArgumentError.


Raises RuntimeError if the offsetlength is out of the current
buffer's bounds.


string = 'test'
buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string).dup

slice = buffer.slice
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000108338e68+4 SLICE>
# 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test

buffer.slice(2)
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000108338e6a+2 SLICE>
# 0x00000000  73 74                                           st

slice = buffer.slice(1, 2)
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
# 0x00000000  65 73                                           es

# Put "o" into 0s position of the slice
slice.set_string('o', 0)
slice
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
# 0x00000000  6f 73                                           os

# it is also visible at position 1 of the original buffer
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d31e2d80+4 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  74 6f 73 74                                     tost

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2026



static VALUE
io_buffer_slice(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);

    size_t offset, length;
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc, argv, &offset, &length);

    return rb_io_buffer_slice(buffer, self, offset, length);
}


  








  

    #to_s  
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #transfer  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Transfers ownership of the underlying memory to a new buffer, causing the
current buffer to become uninitialized.


buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
other = buffer.transfer
other
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f136a15f7b0+4 EXTERNAL READONLY SLICE>
# 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test
buffer
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL EXTERNAL READONLY>
buffer.null?
# => true


A frozen buffer cannot transfer ownership, as that would leave it
uninitialized:


buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test').freeze
buffer.transfer
# in `transfer': can't modify frozen IO::Buffer (FrozenError)

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2081



static VALUE
io_buffer_transfer(VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_frozen(self);

    return rb_io_buffer_transfer(self);
}


  








  

    #values(buffer_type, [offset, [count]])  ⇒ Array   



  

    
Returns an array of values of buffer_type starting from offset.


If count is given, only count values will be returned.


IO::Buffer.for("Hello World").values(:U8, 2, 2)
# => [108, 108]

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 2751



static VALUE
io_buffer_values(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    const void *base;
    size_t size;

    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);

    ID buffer_type;
    if (argc >= 1) {
        buffer_type = TYPE_ID(argv[0]);
    }
    else {
        buffer_type = RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8;
    }

    size_t offset, count;
    io_buffer_extract_offset_count(buffer_type, size, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &count);

    VALUE array = rb_ary_new_capa(count);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, buffer_type, &offset);
        rb_ary_push(array, value);
    }

    return array;
}


  








  

    #write(io, [offset, [length]])  ⇒ written length, -errno   



  

    
Perform one write operation of at most length bytes to io from the
buffer starting at offset. A short write is a normal result. If an error
occurs, return -errno.


If offset is not given, it defaults to zero, i.e. the beginning of the
buffer. If length is not given, it defaults to the size of the buffer
minus the offset. A zero length is a no-op.


out = File.open('output.txt', 'wb')
IO::Buffer.for('1234567').write(out, 0, 3)


This leads to 123 being written into output.txt

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3708



static VALUE
io_buffer_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 3);

    VALUE io = argv[0];

    size_t offset, length;
    io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &length);

    return rb_io_buffer_write(self, io, offset, length);
}


  








  

    #xor!(mask)  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Modify the source buffer in place by applying the binary XOR
operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.


source = IO::Buffer.for("1234567890").dup # Make a read/write copy.
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a25b3e0+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30                   1234567890

source.xor!(IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF"))
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000056307a25b3e0+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  ce 32 33 cb ca 36 37 c7 c6 30                   .23..67..0

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 4128



static VALUE
io_buffer_xor_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = get_io_buffer(mask);

    io_buffer_check_mask_size(mask_buffer->size);
    io_buffer_check_overlaps(buffer, mask_buffer);

    void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);

    const void *mask_base;
    size_t mask_size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(mask_buffer, &mask_base, &mask_size);

    memory_xor_inplace(base, size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);

    return self;
}


  








  

    #|(mask)  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the binary OR
operation to the source, using the mask, repeating as necessary.


IO::Buffer.for("1234567890") | IO::Buffer.for("\xFF\x00\x00\xFF")
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x0000561785ae3480+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  ff 32 33 ff ff 36 37 ff ff 30                   .23..67..0

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3883



static VALUE
io_buffer_or(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = get_io_buffer(mask);

    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);

    const void *mask_base;
    size_t mask_size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(mask_buffer, &mask_base, &mask_size);

    io_buffer_check_mask_size(mask_size);

    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, size, io_flags_for_size(size));
    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = get_io_buffer(output);

    memory_or(output_buffer->base, base, size, mask_base, mask_size);

    return output;
}


  








  

    #~  ⇒ Buffer   



  

    
Generate a new buffer the same size as the source by applying the unary NOT
operation to the source.


~IO::Buffer.for("1234567890")
# =>
# #<IO::Buffer 0x000055a5ac42f120+10 INTERNAL>
# 0x00000000  ce cd cc cb ca c9 c8 c7 c6 cf                   ..........

  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'io_buffer.c', line 3973



static VALUE
io_buffer_not(VALUE self)
{
    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = get_io_buffer(self);

    const void *base;
    size_t size;
    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);

    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, size, io_flags_for_size(size));
    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = get_io_buffer(output);

    memory_not(output_buffer->base, base, size);

    return output;
}