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Class: Net::HTTP

Relationships & Source Files
Namespace Children
Modules:
Classes:
Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance
Class Chain:
self, Protocol
Instance Chain:
self, Protocol
Inherits: Protocol
  • Object
Defined in: lib/net/http.rb,
lib/net/http/backward.rb

Overview

Class Net::HTTP provides a rich library that implements the client in a client-server model that uses the HTTP request-response protocol. For information about HTTP, see:

About the Examples

Examples here assume that net/http has been required (which also requires uri):

require 'net/http'

Many code examples here use these example websites:

Some examples also assume these variables:

uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/')
uri.freeze # Examples may not modify.
hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
path = uri.path         # => "/"
port = uri.port         # => 443

So that example requests may be written as:

Net::HTTP.get(uri)
Net::HTTP.get(hostname, '/index.html')
Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|

http.get(‘/todos/1’) http.get(‘/todos/2’)

end

An example that needs a modified URI first duplicates uri, then modifies the duplicate:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/todos/1'

Strategies

  • If you will make only a few GET requests, consider using OpenURI.

  • If you will make only a few requests of all kinds, consider using the various singleton convenience methods in this class. Each of the following methods automatically starts and finishes a session that sends a single request:

    # Return string response body.
    Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
    Net::HTTP.get(uri)
    
    # Write string response body to $stdout.
    Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path)
    Net::HTTP.get_print(uri)
    
    # Return response as Net::HTTPResponse object.
    Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path)
    Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
    data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
    Net::HTTP.post(uri, data)
    params = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
    Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)
  • If performance is important, consider using sessions, which lower request overhead. This session has multiple requests for HTTP methods and WebDAV methods:

    Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
      # Session started automatically before block execution.

http.get(path) http.head(path)

body = 'Some text'

http.post(path, body) # Can also have a block. http.put(path, body) http.delete(path) http.options(path) http.trace(path) http.patch(path, body) # Can also have a block. http.copy(path) http.lock(path, body) http.mkcol(path, body) http.move(path) http.propfind(path, body) http.proppatch(path, body) http.unlock(path, body)

  # Session finished automatically at block exit.
end

The methods cited above are convenience methods that, via their few arguments, allow minimal control over the requests. For greater control, consider using request objects.

URIs

On the internet, a URI (Universal Resource Identifier) is a string that identifies a particular resource. It consists of some or all of: scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment; see URI syntax.

A Ruby URI::Generic object represents an internet URI. It provides, among others, methods scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment.

Schemes

An internet URI has a scheme.

The two schemes supported in Net::HTTP are 'https' and 'http':

uri.scheme                       # => "https"
URI('http://example.com').scheme # => "http"

Hostnames

A hostname identifies a server (host) to which requests may be sent:

hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  # Some HTTP stuff.
end

Paths

A host-specific path identifies a resource on the host:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/todos/1'
hostname = _uri.hostname
path = _uri.path
Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)

Queries

A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the URI:

_uri = uri.dup
params = {userId: 1, completed: false}
_uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
_uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com?userId=1&completed=false>
Net::HTTP.get(_uri)

Fragments

A URI fragment has no effect in Net::HTTP; the same data is returned, regardless of whether a fragment is included.

Request Headers

Request headers may be used to pass additional information to the host, similar to arguments passed in a method call; each header is a name/value pair.

Each of the Net::HTTP methods that sends a request to the host has optional argument headers, where the headers are expressed as a hash of field-name/value pairs:

headers = {Accept: 'application/json', Connection: 'Keep-Alive'}
Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)

See lists of both standard request fields and common request fields at Request Fields. A host may also accept other custom fields.

HTTP Sessions

A session is a connection between a server (host) and a client that:

  • Is begun by instance method #start.

  • May contain any number of requests.

  • Is ended by instance method #finish.

See example sessions at Strategies.

Session Using Net::HTTP.start

If you have many requests to make to a single host (and port), consider using singleton method .start with a block; the method handles the session automatically by:

  • Calling #start before block execution.

  • Executing the block.

  • Calling #finish after block execution.

In the block, you can use these instance methods, each of which that sends a single request:

  • HTTP methods:

    • #get, #request_get: GET.

    • #head, #request_head: HEAD.

    • #post, #request_post: POST.

    • #delete: DELETE.

    • #options: OPTIONS.

    • #trace: TRACE.

    • #patch: PATCH.

  • WebDAV methods:

    • #copy: COPY.

    • #lock: LOCK.

    • #mkcol: MKCOL.

    • #move: MOVE.

    • #propfind: PROPFIND.

    • #proppatch: PROPPATCH.

    • #unlock: UNLOCK.

Session Using Net::HTTP.start and Net::HTTP.finish

You can manage a session manually using methods #start and #finish:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.start http.get(‘/todos/1’) http.get(‘/todos/2’) http.delete(‘/posts/1’) http.finish # Needed to free resources.

Single-Request Session

Certain convenience methods automatically handle a session by:

  • Creating an HTTP object

  • Starting a session.

  • Sending a single request.

  • Finishing the session.

  • Destroying the object.

Such methods that send GET requests:

Such methods that send POST requests:

HTTP Requests and Responses

Many of the methods above are convenience methods, each of which sends a request and returns a string without directly using Net::HTTPRequest and Net::HTTPResponse objects.

You can, however, directly create a request object, send the request, and retrieve the response object; see:

Following Redirection

Each returned response is an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse. See the response class hierarchy.

In particular, class HTTPRedirection is the parent of all redirection classes. This allows you to craft a case statement to handle redirections properly:

def fetch(uri, limit = 10)
  # You should choose a better exception.
  raise ArgumentError, 'Too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0

  res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri))
  case res
  when Net::HTTPSuccess     # Any success class.
    res
  when Net::HTTPRedirection # Any redirection class.
    location = res['Location']
    warn "Redirected to #{location}"
    fetch(location, limit - 1)
  else                      # Any other class.
    res.value
  end
end

fetch(uri)

Basic Authentication

Basic authentication is performed according to RFC2617:

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
req.basic_auth('user', 'pass')
res = Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|

http.request(req)

end

Streaming Response Bodies

By default Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an IO.

Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)

http.request(req) do |res|

    open('t.tmp', 'w') do |f|
      res.read_body do |chunk|
        f.write chunk
      end
    end
  end
end

HTTPS

HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP connection by #use_ssl=:

Net::HTTP.start(hostname, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
  req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
  res = http.request(req)
end

Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a URI object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS verification if the URI object has a ‘https’ URI scheme:

uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/>
Net::HTTP.get(uri)

Proxy Server

An HTTP object can have a proxy server.

You can create an HTTP object with a proxy server using method .new or method .start.

The proxy may be defined either by argument p_addr or by environment variable 'http_proxy'.

Proxy Using Argument p_addr as a String

When argument p_addr is a string hostname, the returned http has the given host as its proxy:

http = HTTP.new(hostname, nil, ‘proxy.example’) http.proxy? # => true http.proxy_from_env? # => false http.proxy_address # => “proxy.example”

# These use default values.

http.proxy_port # => 80 http.proxy_user # => nil http.proxy_pass # => nil

The port, username, and password for the proxy may also be given:

http = HTTP.new(hostname, nil, ‘proxy.example’, 8000, ‘pname’, ‘ppass’)

# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>

http.proxy? # => true http.proxy_from_env? # => false http.proxy_address # => “proxy.example” http.proxy_port # => 8000 http.proxy_user # => “pname” http.proxy_pass # => “ppass”

Proxy Using ‘ENV['http_proxy']

When environment variable 'http_proxy' is set to a URI string, the returned http will have the server at that URI as its proxy; note that the URI string must have a protocol such as 'http' or 'https':

ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://example.com'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.proxy? # => true http.proxy_from_env? # => true http.proxy_address # => “example.com”

# These use default values.

http.proxy_port # => 80 http.proxy_user # => nil http.proxy_pass # => nil

The URI string may include proxy username, password, and port number:

ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://pname:ppass@example.com:8000'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.proxy? # => true http.proxy_from_env? # => true http.proxy_address # => “example.com” http.proxy_port # => 8000 http.proxy_user # => “pname” http.proxy_pass # => “ppass”

Filtering Proxies

With method .new (but not .start), you can use argument p_no_proxy to filter proxies:

  • Reject a certain address:

http = HTTP.new(‘example.com’, nil, ‘proxy.example’, 8000, ‘pname’, ‘ppass’, ‘proxy.example’) http.proxy_address # => nil

  • Reject certain domains or subdomains:

http = HTTP.new(‘example.com’, nil, ‘my.proxy.example’, 8000, ‘pname’, ‘ppass’, ‘proxy.example’) http.proxy_address # => nil

  • Reject certain addresses and port combinations:

http = HTTP.new(‘example.com’, nil, ‘proxy.example’, 8000, ‘pname’, ‘ppass’, ‘proxy.example:1234’) http.proxy_address # => “proxy.example”

http = HTTP.new(‘example.com’, nil, ‘proxy.example’, 8000, ‘pname’, ‘ppass’, ‘proxy.example:8000’) http.proxy_address # => nil

  • Reject a list of the types above delimited using a comma:

http = HTTP.new(‘example.com’, nil, ‘proxy.example’, 8000, ‘pname’, ‘ppass’, ‘my.proxy,proxy.example:8000’) http.proxy_address # => nil

http = HTTP.new(‘example.com’, nil, ‘my.proxy’, 8000, ‘pname’, ‘ppass’, ‘my.proxy,proxy.example:8000’) http.proxy_address # => nil

Compression and Decompression

Net::HTTP does not compress the body of a request before sending.

By default, Net::HTTP adds header 'Accept-Encoding' to a new request object:

Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)['Accept-Encoding']
# => "gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"

This requests the server to zip-encode the response body if there is one; the server is not required to do so.

Net::HTTP does not automatically decompress a response body if the response has header 'Content-Range'.

Otherwise decompression (or not) depends on the value of header Content-Encoding:

  • 'deflate', 'gzip', or 'x-gzip': decompresses the body and deletes the header.

  • 'none' or 'identity': does not decompress the body, but deletes the header.

  • Any other value: leaves the body and header unchanged.

What’s Here

First, what’s elsewhere. Class HTTP:

  • Inherits from class Object.

This is a categorized summary of methods and attributes.

Net::HTTP Objects

  • ::new: Creates a new instance.

  • #inspect: Returns a string representation of self.

Sessions

  • ::start: Begins a new session in a new Net::HTTP object.

  • #started? (aliased as #active?): Returns whether in a session.

  • #finish: Ends an active session.

  • #start: Begins a new session in an existing Net::HTTP object (self).

Connections

Requests

  • ::get: Sends a GET request and returns the string response body.

  • ::get_print: Sends a GET request and write the string response body to $stdout.

  • ::get_response: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.

  • ::post_form: Sends a POST request with form data and returns a response object.

  • ::post: Sends a POST request with data and returns a response object.

  • #copy: Sends a COPY request and returns a response object.

  • #delete: Sends a DELETE request and returns a response object.

  • #get: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.

  • #head: Sends a HEAD request and returns a response object.

  • #lock: Sends a LOCK request and returns a response object.

  • #mkcol: Sends a MKCOL request and returns a response object.

  • #move: Sends a MOVE request and returns a response object.

  • #options: Sends a OPTIONS request and returns a response object.

  • #patch: Sends a PATCH request and returns a response object.

  • #post: Sends a POST request and returns a response object.

  • #propfind: Sends a PROPFIND request and returns a response object.

  • #proppatch: Sends a PROPPATCH request and returns a response object.

  • #put: Sends a PUT request and returns a response object.

  • #request: Sends a request and returns a response object.

  • #request_get (aliased as #get2): Sends a GET request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

  • #request_head (aliased as #head2): Sends a HEAD request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

  • #request_post (aliased as #post2): Sends a POST request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

  • #send_request: Sends a request and returns a response object.

  • #trace: Sends a TRACE request and returns a response object.

  • #unlock: Sends an UNLOCK request and returns a response object.

Responses

Proxies

Security

  • :ca_file: Returns the path to a CA certification file.

  • :ca_file=: Sets the path to a CA certification file.

  • :ca_path: Returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files.

  • :ca_path=: Sets the path of to CA directory containing certification files.

  • :cert: Returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.

  • :cert=: Sets the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.

  • :cert_store: Returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

  • :cert_store=: Sets the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

  • :ciphers: Returns the available SSL ciphers.

  • :ciphers=: Sets the available SSL ciphers.

  • :extra_chain_cert: Returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.

  • :extra_chain_cert=: Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.

  • :key: Returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.

  • :key=: Sets the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.

  • :max_version: Returns the maximum SSL version.

  • :max_version=: Sets the maximum SSL version.

  • :min_version: Returns the minimum SSL version.

  • :min_version=: Sets the minimum SSL version.

  • #peer_cert: Returns the X509 certificate chain for the session’s socket peer.

  • :ssl_version: Returns the SSL version.

  • :ssl_version=: Sets the SSL version.

  • #use_ssl=: Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security.

  • #use_ssl?: Returns whether self uses SSL.

  • :verify_callback: Returns the callback for the server certification verification.

  • :verify_callback=: Sets the callback for the server certification verification.

  • :verify_depth: Returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

  • :verify_depth=: Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

  • :verify_hostname: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  • :verify_hostname=: Sets he flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  • :verify_mode: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  • :verify_mode=: Sets the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

Addresses and Ports

  • :address: Returns the string host name or host IP.

  • ::default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.

  • ::http_default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.

  • ::https_default_port: Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests.

  • #ipaddr: Returns the IP address for the connection.

  • #ipaddr=: Sets the IP address for the connection.

  • :local_host: Returns the string local host used to establish the connection.

  • :local_host=: Sets the string local host used to establish the connection.

  • :local_port: Returns the integer local port used to establish the connection.

  • :local_port=: Sets the integer local port used to establish the connection.

  • :port: Returns the integer port number.

HTTP Version

Debugging

Constant Summary

  • HTTPVersion =
    # File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 730
    '1.1'
  • IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_ = Internal use only
    # File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2331
    %w/GET HEAD PUT DELETE OPTIONS TRACE/
  • ProxyMod = Internal use only
    # File 'lib/net/http/backward.rb', line 7
    ProxyDelta
  • SSL_ATTRIBUTES = Internal use only
    # File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1464
    [
      :ca_file,
      :ca_path,
      :cert,
      :cert_store,
      :ciphers,
      :extra_chain_cert,
      :key,
      :ssl_timeout,
      :ssl_version,
      :min_version,
      :max_version,
      :verify_callback,
      :verify_depth,
      :verify_mode,
      :verify_hostname,
    ]
  • SSL_IVNAMES = Internal use only
    # File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1447
    [
      :@ca_file,
      :@ca_path,
      :@cert,
      :@cert_store,
      :@ciphers,
      :@extra_chain_cert,
      :@key,
      :@ssl_timeout,
      :@ssl_version,
      :@min_version,
      :@max_version,
      :@verify_callback,
      :@verify_depth,
      :@verify_mode,
      :@verify_hostname,
    ]
  • STATUS_CODES = Internal use only
    # File 'lib/net/http/status.rb', line 22
    {
      100 => 'Continue',
      101 => 'Switching Protocols',
      102 => 'Processing',
      103 => 'Early Hints',
      200 => 'OK',
      201 => 'Created',
      202 => 'Accepted',
      203 => 'Non-Authoritative Information',
      204 => 'No Content',
      205 => 'Reset Content',
      206 => 'Partial Content',
      207 => 'Multi-Status',
      208 => 'Already Reported',
      226 => 'IM Used',
      300 => 'Multiple Choices',
      301 => 'Moved Permanently',
      302 => 'Found',
      303 => 'See Other',
      304 => 'Not Modified',
      305 => 'Use Proxy',
      307 => 'Temporary Redirect',
      308 => 'Permanent Redirect',
      400 => 'Bad Request',
      401 => 'Unauthorized',
      402 => 'Payment Required',
      403 => 'Forbidden',
      404 => 'Not Found',
      405 => 'Method Not Allowed',
      406 => 'Not Acceptable',
      407 => 'Proxy Authentication Required',
      408 => 'Request Timeout',
      409 => 'Conflict',
      410 => 'Gone',
      411 => 'Length Required',
      412 => 'Precondition Failed',
      413 => 'Content Too Large',
      414 => 'URI Too Long',
      415 => 'Unsupported Media Type',
      416 => 'Range Not Satisfiable',
      417 => 'Expectation Failed',
      421 => 'Misdirected Request',
      422 => 'Unprocessable Content',
      423 => 'Locked',
      424 => 'Failed Dependency',
      425 => 'Too Early',
      426 => 'Upgrade Required',
      428 => 'Precondition Required',
      429 => 'Too Many Requests',
      431 => 'Request Header Fields Too Large',
      451 => 'Unavailable For Legal Reasons',
      500 => 'Internal Server Error',
      501 => 'Not Implemented',
      502 => 'Bad Gateway',
      503 => 'Service Unavailable',
      504 => 'Gateway Timeout',
      505 => 'HTTP Version Not Supported',
      506 => 'Variant Also Negotiates',
      507 => 'Insufficient Storage',
      508 => 'Loop Detected',
      510 => 'Not Extended (OBSOLETED)',
      511 => 'Network Authentication Required',
    }
  • VERSION =
    # File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 729
    "0.4.1"

Class Attribute Summary

Class Method Summary

Instance Attribute Summary

  • #address readonly

    Returns the string host name or host IP given as argument address in .new.

  • #ca_file rw

    Sets or returns the path to a CA certification file in PEM format.

  • #ca_path rw

    Sets or returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files in PEM format.

  • #cert rw

    Sets or returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.

  • #cert_store rw

    Sets or returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

  • #ciphers rw

    Sets or returns the available SSL ciphers.

  • #close_on_empty_response rw

    Sets or returns whether to close the connection when the response is empty; initially false.

  • #continue_timeout rw

    Returns the continue timeout value; see continue_timeout=.

  • #continue_timeout=(sec) rw

    Sets the continue timeout value, which is the number of seconds to wait for an expected 100 Continue response.

  • #extra_chain_cert rw

    Sets or returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.

  • #ignore_eof rw

    Sets or returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with Content-Length headers; initially true.

  • #ipaddr rw

    Returns the IP address for the connection.

  • #ipaddr=(addr) rw

    Sets the IP address for the connection:

  • #keep_alive_timeout rw

    Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to keep the connection open after a request is sent; initially 2.

  • #key rw

    Sets or returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.

  • #local_host rw

    Sets or returns the string local host used to establish the connection; initially nil.

  • #local_port rw

    Sets or returns the integer local port used to establish the connection; initially nil.

  • #max_retries rw

    Returns the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request; see #max_retries=.

  • #max_retries=(retries) rw

    Sets the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, Timeout::Error.

  • #max_version rw

    Sets or returns the maximum SSL version.

  • #min_version rw

    Sets or returns the minimum SSL version.

  • #open_timeout rw

    Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for a connection to open; initially 60.

  • #port readonly

    Returns the integer port number given as argument port in .new.

  • #proxy? ⇒ Boolean readonly

    Returns true if a proxy server is defined, false otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_address (also: #proxyaddr) rw

    Returns the address of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_address=(value) rw

    Sets the proxy address; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_from_env=(value) rw

    Sets whether to determine the proxy from environment variable ‘ENV['http_proxy']’; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Using ENV}.

  • #proxy_from_env? ⇒ Boolean rw

    Returns true if the proxy server is defined in the environment, false otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_pass rw

    Returns the password of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_pass=(value) rw

    Sets the proxy password; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_port (also: #proxyport) rw

    Returns the port number of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_port=(value) rw

    Sets the proxy port; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_user rw

    Returns the user name of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #proxy_user=(value) rw

    Sets the proxy user; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

  • #read_timeout rw

    Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call); see #read_timeout=.

  • #read_timeout=(sec) rw

    Sets the read timeout, in seconds, for self to integer sec; the initial value is 60.

  • #response_body_encoding rw

    Returns the encoding to use for the response body; see #response_body_encoding=.

  • #response_body_encoding=(value) rw

    Sets the encoding to be used for the response body; returns the encoding.

  • #ssl_timeout rw

    Sets or returns the SSL timeout seconds.

  • #ssl_version rw

    Sets or returns the SSL version.

  • #started? ⇒ Boolean (also: #active?) readonly

    Returns true if the HTTP session has been started:

  • #use_ssl=(flag) rw

    Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security:

  • #use_ssl? ⇒ Boolean rw

    Returns true if self uses SSL, false otherwise.

  • #verify_callback rw

    Sets or returns the callback for the server certification verification.

  • #verify_depth rw

    Sets or returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

  • #verify_hostname rw

    Sets or returns whether to verify that the server certificate is valid for the hostname.

  • #verify_mode rw

    Sets or returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

  • #write_timeout rw

    Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call); see #write_timeout=.

  • #write_timeout=(sec) rw

    Sets the write timeout, in seconds, for self to integer sec; the initial value is 60.

  • #active? readonly Internal use only

    Alias for #started?.

  • #proxyaddr readonly Internal use only

    Alias for #proxy_address.

  • #proxyport readonly Internal use only

    Alias for #proxy_port.

Instance Method Summary

Constructor Details

.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil) ⇒ HTTP

Returns a new Net::HTTP object http (but does not open a TCP connection or HTTP session).

With only string argument #address given (and ENV['http_proxy'] undefined or nil), the returned http:

  • Has the given address.

  • Has the default port number, .default_port (80).

  • Has no proxy.

Example:

http = HTTP.new(hostname)

# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>

http.address # => “jsonplaceholder.typicode.com” http.port # => 80 http.proxy? # => false

With integer argument #port also given, the returned http has the given port:

http = HTTP.new(hostname, 8000)

# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:8000 open=false>

http.port # => 8000

For proxy-defining arguments p_addr through p_no_proxy, see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1069

def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
  http = super address, port

  if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
    http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env
    http.proxy_address  = @proxy_address
    http.proxy_port     = @proxy_port
    http.proxy_user     = @proxy_user
    http.proxy_pass     = @proxy_pass
  elsif p_addr == :ENV then
    http.proxy_from_env = true
  else
    if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(address, address, port, p_no_proxy)
      p_addr = nil
      p_port = nil
    end
    http.proxy_address = p_addr
    http.proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
    http.proxy_user    = p_user
    http.proxy_pass    = p_pass
  end

  http
end

#initialize(address, port = nil) ⇒ HTTP

This method is for internal use only.

Creates a new Net::HTTP object for the specified server address, without opening the TCP connection or initializing the HTTP session. The #address should be a DNS hostname or IP address.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1097

def initialize(address, port = nil) # :nodoc:
  @address = address
  @port    = (port || HTTP.default_port)
  @ipaddr = nil
  @local_host = nil
  @local_port = nil
  @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion
  @keep_alive_timeout = 2
  @last_communicated = nil
  @close_on_empty_response = false
  @socket  = nil
  @started = false
  @open_timeout = 60
  @read_timeout = 60
  @write_timeout = 60
  @continue_timeout = nil
  @max_retries = 1
  @debug_output = nil
  @response_body_encoding = false
  @ignore_eof = true

  @proxy_from_env = false
  @proxy_uri      = nil
  @proxy_address  = nil
  @proxy_port     = nil
  @proxy_user     = nil
  @proxy_pass     = nil

  @use_ssl = false
  @ssl_context = nil
  @ssl_session = nil
  @sspi_enabled = false
  SSL_IVNAMES.each do |ivname|
    instance_variable_set ivname, nil
  end
end

Class Attribute Details

.is_version_1_1? (readonly)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for .version_1_1?.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 755

alias is_version_1_1? version_1_1?   #:nodoc:

.is_version_1_2? (readonly)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for .version_1_2?.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 756

alias is_version_1_2? version_1_2?   #:nodoc:

.proxy_address (readonly)

Returns the address of the proxy host, or nil if none; see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1772

attr_reader :proxy_address

.proxy_class?Boolean (readonly)

Returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1766

def proxy_class?
  defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
end

.proxy_pass (readonly)

Returns the password for accessing the proxy, or nil if none; see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1784

attr_reader :proxy_pass

.proxy_port (readonly)

Returns the port number of the proxy host, or nil if none; see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1776

attr_reader :proxy_port

.proxy_user (readonly)

Returns the user name for accessing the proxy, or nil if none; see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1780

attr_reader :proxy_user

.version_1_1?Boolean (readonly) Also known as: .is_version_1_1?

This method is for internal use only.

Returns false; retained for compatibility.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 750

def HTTP.version_1_1?  #:nodoc:
  false
end

.version_1_2 (readonly)

Returns true; retained for compatibility.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 740

def HTTP.version_1_2
  true
end

.version_1_2?Boolean (readonly) Also known as: .is_version_1_2?

Returns true; retained for compatibility.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 745

def HTTP.version_1_2?
  true
end

Class Method Details

.default_port

Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests:

Net::HTTP.default_port # => 80
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 904

def HTTP.default_port
  http_default_port()
end

.get(hostname, path, port = 80) ⇒ body Net::HTTPbody

Sends a GET request and returns the HTTP response body as a string.

With string arguments hostname and path:

hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
path = '/todos/1'
puts Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)

Output:

{
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 1,
  "title": "delectus aut autem",
  "completed": false
}

With URI object uri and optional hash argument headers:

uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
headers = {'Content-type' => 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)

Related:

  • HTTP::Get: request class for HTTP method GET.

  • #get: convenience method for HTTP method GET.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 806

def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
  get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body
end

.get_print(hostname, path, port = 80) ⇒ nil Net::HTTPnil

Like .get, but writes the returned body to $stdout; returns nil.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 765

def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
  get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port) {|res|
    res.read_body do |chunk|
      $stdout.print chunk
    end
  }
  nil
end

.get_response(hostname, path, port = 80) ⇒ HTTP Net::HTTPHTTP

Like .get, but returns a HTTPResponse object instead of the body string.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 816

def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil, &block)
  if path_or_headers && !path_or_headers.is_a?(Hash)
    host = uri_or_host
    path = path_or_headers
    new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
      return http.request_get(path, &block)
    }
  else
    uri = uri_or_host
    headers = path_or_headers
    start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
          :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
      return http.request_get(uri, headers, &block)
    }
  end
end

.http_default_port

Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests:

Net::HTTP.http_default_port # => 80
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 912

def HTTP.http_default_port
  80
end

.https_default_port

Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests:

Net::HTTP.https_default_port # => 443
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 920

def HTTP.https_default_port
  443
end

.newobj

This method is for internal use only.
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1037

alias newobj new # :nodoc:

.post(url, data, header = nil)

Posts data to a host; returns a HTTPResponse object.

Argument url must be a URL; argument data must be a string:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/posts'
data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
res = Net::HTTP.post(_uri, data, headers) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
puts res.body

Output:

{
  "title": "foo",
  "body": "bar",
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 101
}

Related:

  • HTTP::Post: request class for HTTP method POST.

  • #post: convenience method for HTTP method POST.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 859

def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
  start(url.hostname, url.port,
        :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
    http.post(url, data, header)
  }
end

.post_form(url, params)

Posts data to a host; returns a HTTPResponse object.

Argument url must be a URI; argument data must be a hash:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/posts'
data = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
res = Net::HTTP.post_form(_uri, data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
puts res.body

Output:

{
  "title": "foo",
  "body": "bar",
  "userId": "1",
  "id": 101
}
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 886

def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
  req = Post.new(url)
  req.form_data = params
  req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
  start(url.hostname, url.port,
        :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
    http.request(req)
  }
end

Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)

This method is for internal use only.

Creates an HTTP proxy class which behaves like Net::HTTP, but performs all access via the specified proxy.

This class is obsolete. You may pass these same parameters directly to Net::HTTP.new. See .new for details of the arguments.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1743

def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil) #:nodoc:
  return self unless p_addr

  Class.new(self) {
    @is_proxy_class = true

    if p_addr == :ENV then
      @proxy_from_env = true
      @proxy_address = nil
      @proxy_port    = nil
    else
      @proxy_from_env = false
      @proxy_address = p_addr
      @proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
    end

    @proxy_user = p_user
    @proxy_pass = p_pass
  }
end

.socket_type

This method is for internal use only.

obsolete

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 924

def HTTP.socket_type   #:nodoc: obsolete
  BufferedIO
end

.start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) ⇒ HTTP .start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) {|http| ... } ⇒ Object

Creates a new Net::HTTP object, http, via Net::HTTP.new:

  • For arguments #address and #port, see .new.

  • For proxy-defining arguments p_addr through p_pass, see Proxy Server.

  • For argument opts, see below.

With no block given:

  • Calls http.start with no block (see #start), which opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.

  • Returns http.

  • The caller should call #finish to close the session:

http = HTTP.start(hostname) http.started? # => true http.finish http.started? # => false

With a block given:

  • Calls http.start with the block (see #start), which:

    • Opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.

    • Calls the block, which may make any number of requests to the host.

    • Closes the HTTP session and TCP connection on block exit.

    • Returns the block’s value object.

  • Returns object.

Example:

hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
  puts http.get('/todos/1').body
  puts http.get('/todos/2').body
end

Output:

{
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 1,
  "title": "delectus aut autem",
  "completed": false
}
{
  "userId": 1,
  "id": 2,
  "title": "quis ut nam facilis et officia qui",
  "completed": false
}

If the last argument given is a hash, it is the opts hash, where each key is a method or accessor to be called, and its value is the value to be set.

The keys may include:

Note: If #port is nil and opts[:use_ssl] is a truthy value, the value passed to .new is .https_default_port, not #port.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1014

def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: http
  arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
  port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
  p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2
  port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
  http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)
  http.ipaddr = opt[:ipaddr] if opt && opt[:ipaddr]

  if opt
    if opt[:use_ssl]
      opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt)
    end
    http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth|
      key = $1.to_sym
      opt.key?(key) or next
      http.__send__(meth, opt[key])
    end
  end

  http.start(&block)
end

Instance Attribute Details

#active? (readonly)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for #started?.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1421

alias active? started?   #:nodoc: obsolete

#address (readonly)

Returns the string host name or host IP given as argument address in .new.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1198

attr_reader :address

#ca_file (rw)

Sets or returns the path to a CA certification file in PEM format.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1483

attr_accessor :ca_file

#ca_path (rw)

Sets or returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files in PEM format.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1487

attr_accessor :ca_path

#cert (rw)

Sets or returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1491

attr_accessor :cert

#cert_store (rw)

Sets or returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1494

attr_accessor :cert_store

#ciphers (rw)

Sets or returns the available SSL ciphers. See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1498

attr_accessor :ciphers

#close_on_empty_response (rw)

Sets or returns whether to close the connection when the response is empty; initially false.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1425

attr_accessor :close_on_empty_response

#continue_timeout (rw)

Returns the continue timeout value; see continue_timeout=.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1378

attr_reader :continue_timeout

#continue_timeout=(sec) (rw)

Sets the continue timeout value, which is the number of seconds to wait for an expected 100 Continue response. If the HTTP object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1384

def continue_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
  @continue_timeout = sec
end

#extra_chain_cert (rw)

Sets or returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain. See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#add_certificate}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1502

attr_accessor :extra_chain_cert

#ignore_eof (rw)

Sets or returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with Content-Length headers; initially true.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1401

attr_accessor :ignore_eof

#ipaddr (rw)

Returns the IP address for the connection.

If the session has not been started, returns the value set by #ipaddr=, or nil if it has not been set:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.ipaddr # => nil http.ipaddr = ‘172.67.155.76’ http.ipaddr # => “172.67.155.76”

If the session has been started, returns the IP address from the socket:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.start http.ipaddr # => “172.67.155.76” http.finish

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1278

def ipaddr
  started? ?  @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr
end

#ipaddr=(addr) (rw)

Sets the IP address for the connection:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.ipaddr # => nil http.ipaddr = ‘172.67.155.76’ http.ipaddr # => “172.67.155.76”

The IP address may not be set if the session has been started.

Raises:

  • (IOError)
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1290

def ipaddr=(addr)
  raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started?
  @ipaddr = addr
end

#keep_alive_timeout (rw)

Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to keep the connection open after a request is sent; initially 2. If a new request is made during the given interval, the still-open connection is used; otherwise the connection will have been closed and a new connection is opened.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1396

attr_accessor :keep_alive_timeout

#key (rw)

Sets or returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1505

attr_accessor :key

#local_host (rw)

Sets or returns the string local host used to establish the connection; initially nil.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1205

attr_accessor :local_host

#local_port (rw)

Sets or returns the integer local port used to establish the connection; initially nil.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1209

attr_accessor :local_port

#max_retries (rw)

Returns the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request; see #max_retries=.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1334

attr_reader :max_retries

#max_retries=(retries) (rw)

Sets the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError, Timeout::Error. The initial value is 1.

Argument retries must be a non-negative numeric value:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.max_retries = 2 # => 2 http.max_retries # => 2

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1324

def max_retries=(retries)
  retries = retries.to_int
  if retries < 0
    raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number'
  end
  @max_retries = retries
end

#max_version (rw)

Sets or returns the maximum SSL version. See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1520

attr_accessor :max_version

#min_version (rw)

Sets or returns the minimum SSL version. See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1516

attr_accessor :min_version

#open_timeout (rw)

Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for a connection to open; initially 60. If the connection is not made in the given interval, an exception is raised.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1300

attr_accessor :open_timeout

#port (readonly)

Returns the integer port number given as argument port in .new.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1201

attr_reader :port

#proxy?Boolean (readonly)

Returns true if a proxy server is defined, false otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1789

def proxy?
  !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
end

#proxy_address (rw) Also known as: #proxyaddr

Returns the address of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1811

def proxy_address
  if @proxy_from_env then
    proxy_uri&.hostname
  else
    @proxy_address
  end
end

#proxy_address=(value) (rw)

Sets the proxy address; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1245

attr_writer :proxy_address

#proxy_from_env=(value) (rw)

Sets whether to determine the proxy from environment variable ‘ENV['http_proxy']’; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Using ENV}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1241

attr_writer :proxy_from_env

#proxy_from_env?Boolean (rw)

Returns true if the proxy server is defined in the environment, false otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1796

def proxy_from_env?
  @proxy_from_env
end

#proxy_pass (rw)

Returns the password of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1842

def proxy_pass
  if @proxy_from_env
    pass = proxy_uri&.password
    unescape(pass) if pass
  else
    @proxy_pass
  end
end

#proxy_pass=(value) (rw)

Sets the proxy password; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1257

attr_writer :proxy_pass

#proxy_port (rw) Also known as: #proxyport

Returns the port number of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1821

def proxy_port
  if @proxy_from_env then
    proxy_uri&.port
  else
    @proxy_port
  end
end

#proxy_port=(value) (rw)

Sets the proxy port; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1249

attr_writer :proxy_port

#proxy_user (rw)

Returns the user name of the proxy server, if defined, nil otherwise; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1831

def proxy_user
  if @proxy_from_env
    user = proxy_uri&.user
    unescape(user) if user
  else
    @proxy_user
  end
end

#proxy_user=(value) (rw)

Sets the proxy user; see {Net::HTTP.Proxy Server}.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1253

attr_writer :proxy_user

#proxyaddr (readonly)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for #proxy_address.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1851

alias proxyaddr proxy_address   #:nodoc: obsolete

#proxyport (readonly)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for #proxy_port.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1852

alias proxyport proxy_port      #:nodoc: obsolete

#read_timeout (rw)

Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call); see #read_timeout=.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1305

attr_reader :read_timeout

#read_timeout=(sec) (rw)

Sets the read timeout, in seconds, for self to integer sec; the initial value is 60.

Argument sec must be a non-negative numeric value:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.read_timeout # => 60 http.get(‘/todos/1’) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true> http.read_timeout = 0 http.get(‘/todos/1’) # Raises Net::ReadTimeout.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1347

def read_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
  @read_timeout = sec
end

#response_body_encoding (rw)

Returns the encoding to use for the response body; see #response_body_encoding=.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1213

attr_reader :response_body_encoding

#response_body_encoding=(value) (rw)

Sets the encoding to be used for the response body; returns the encoding.

The given value may be:

  • An Encoding object.

  • The name of an encoding.

  • An alias for an encoding name.

See Encoding.

Examples:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.response_body_encoding = Encoding::US_ASCII # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII> http.response_body_encoding = ‘US-ASCII’ # => “US-ASCII” http.response_body_encoding = ‘ASCII’ # => “ASCII”

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1233

def response_body_encoding=(value)
  value = Encoding.find(value) if value.is_a?(String)
  @response_body_encoding = value
end

#ssl_timeout (rw)

Sets or returns the SSL timeout seconds.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1508

attr_accessor :ssl_timeout

#ssl_version (rw)

Sets or returns the SSL version. See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=}.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1512

attr_accessor :ssl_version

#started?Boolean (readonly) Also known as: #active?

Returns true if the HTTP session has been started:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.started? # => false http.start http.started? # => true http.finish # => nil http.started? # => false

Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|

http.started?

end # => true

http.started? # => false

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1417

def started?
  @started
end

#use_ssl=(flag) (rw)

Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security:

Raises IOError if attempting to change during a session.

Raises OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError if the port is not an HTTPS port.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1439

def use_ssl=(flag)
  flag = flag ? true : false
  if started? and @use_ssl != flag
    raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started"
  end
  @use_ssl = flag
end

#use_ssl?Boolean (rw)

Returns true if self uses SSL, false otherwise. See #use_ssl=.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1429

def use_ssl?
  @use_ssl
end

#verify_callback (rw)

Sets or returns the callback for the server certification verification.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1523

attr_accessor :verify_callback

#verify_depth (rw)

Sets or returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1526

attr_accessor :verify_depth

#verify_hostname (rw)

Sets or returns whether to verify that the server certificate is valid for the hostname. See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=}.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1536

attr_accessor :verify_hostname

#verify_mode (rw)

Sets or returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session. OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1531

attr_accessor :verify_mode

#write_timeout (rw)

Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call); see #write_timeout=.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1310

attr_reader :write_timeout

#write_timeout=(sec) (rw)

Sets the write timeout, in seconds, for self to integer sec; the initial value is 60.

Argument sec must be a non-negative numeric value:

_uri = uri.dup
_uri.path = '/posts'
body = 'bar' * 200000
data = <<EOF
{"title": "foo", "body": "#{body}", "userId": "1"}
EOF
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.write_timeout # => 60 http.post(_uri.path, data, headers)

# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

http.write_timeout = 0 http.post(_uri.path, data, headers) # Raises Net::WriteTimeout.

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1371

def write_timeout=(sec)
  @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
  @write_timeout = sec
end

Instance Method Details

#addr_port (private)

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2471

def addr_port
  addr = address
  addr = "[#{addr}]" if addr.include?(":")
  default_port = use_ssl? ? HTTP.https_default_port : HTTP.http_default_port
  default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}"
end

#begin_transport(req) (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2388

def begin_transport(req)
  if @socket.closed?
    connect
  elsif @last_communicated
    if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
      debug 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout'
      @socket.close
      connect
    elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof?
      debug "Conn close because of EOF"
      @socket.close
      connect
    end
  end

  if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response
    req['connection'] ||= 'close'
  end

  req.update_uri address, port, use_ssl?
  req['host'] ||= addr_port()
end

#conn_address (private)

This method is for internal use only.

without proxy, obsolete

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1863

def conn_address # :nodoc:
  @ipaddr || address()
end

#conn_port (private)

This method is for internal use only.
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1867

def conn_port # :nodoc:
  port()
end

#connect (private)

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1589

def connect
  if use_ssl?
    # reference early to load OpenSSL before connecting,
    # as OpenSSL may take time to load.
    @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
  end

  if proxy? then
    conn_addr = proxy_address
    conn_port = proxy_port
  else
    conn_addr = conn_address
    conn_port = port
  end

  debug "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
  s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
    begin
      TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
    rescue => e
      raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
        "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
    end
  }
  s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
  debug "opened"
  if use_ssl?
    if proxy?
      plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                                  write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                                  continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                                  debug_output: @debug_output)
      buf = +"CONNECT #{conn_address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n" \
        "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
      if proxy_user
        credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0')
        buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n"
      end
      buf << "\r\n"
      plain_sock.write(buf)
      HTTPResponse.read_new(plain_sock).value
      # assuming nothing left in buffers after successful CONNECT response
    end

    ssl_parameters = Hash.new
    iv_list = instance_variables
    SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i|
      if iv_list.include?(ivname)
        value = instance_variable_get(ivname)
        unless value.nil?
          ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value
        end
      end
    end
    @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters)
    unless @ssl_context.session_cache_mode.nil? # a dummy method on JRuby
      @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
              OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
    end
    if @ssl_context.respond_to?(:session_new_cb) # not implemented under JRuby
      @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
    end

    # Still do the post_connection_check below even if connecting
    # to IP address
    verify_hostname = @ssl_context.verify_hostname

    # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546/6066
    case @address
    when Resolv::IPv4::Regex, Resolv::IPv6::Regex
      # don't set SNI, as IP addresses in SNI is not valid
      # per RFC 6066, section 3.

      # Avoid openssl warning
      @ssl_context.verify_hostname = false
    else
      ssl_host_address = @address
    end

    debug "starting SSL for #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
    s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
    s.sync_close = true
    s.hostname = ssl_host_address if s.respond_to?(:hostname=) && ssl_host_address

    if @ssl_session and
       Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout
      s.session = @ssl_session
    end
    ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
    if (@ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE) && verify_hostname
      s.post_connection_check(@address)
    end
    debug "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}"
  end
  @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                           write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                           continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                           debug_output: @debug_output)
  @last_communicated = nil
  on_connect
rescue => exception
  if s
    debug "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}"
    s.close
  end
  raise
end

#copy(path, initheader = nil)

Sends a COPY request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Copy object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.copy(‘/todos/1’)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2127

def copy(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
end

D(msg) (private)

Alias for #debug.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2485

alias_method :D, :debug

#debug(msg) (private) Also known as: #D

Adds a message to debugging output

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# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2479

def debug(msg)
  return unless @debug_output
  @debug_output << msg
  @debug_output << "\n"
end

#delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})

Sends a DELETE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Delete object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.delete(‘/todos/1’)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2101

def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
  request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
end

#do_finish (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1717

def do_finish
  @started = false
  @socket.close if @socket
  @socket = nil
end

#do_start (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1583

def do_start
  connect
  @started = true
end

#edit_path(path) (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1871

def edit_path(path)
  if proxy?
    if path.start_with?("ftp://") || use_ssl?
      path
    else
      "http://#{addr_port}#{path}"
    end
  else
    path
  end
end

#end_transport(req, res) (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2411

def end_transport(req, res)
  @curr_http_version = res.http_version
  @last_communicated = nil
  if @socket.closed?
    debug 'Conn socket closed'
  elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response
    debug 'Conn close'
    @socket.close
  elsif keep_alive?(req, res)
    debug 'Conn keep-alive'
    @last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
  else
    debug 'Conn close'
    @socket.close
  end
end

#finish

Finishes the HTTP session:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.start http.started? # => true http.finish # => nil http.started? # => false

Raises IOError if not in a session.

Raises:

  • (IOError)
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1712

def finish
  raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
  do_finish
end

#get(path, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }

Sends a GET request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Get object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.get(‘/todos/1’) do |res|

  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

http.get(‘/’) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Related:

  • HTTP::Get: request class for HTTP method GET.

  • .get: sends GET request, returns response body.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1918

def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: body_segment
  res = nil

  request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
    r.read_body dest, &block
    res = r
  }
  res
end

#get2(path, initheader = nil, &block)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for #request_get.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2238

alias get2   request_get    #:nodoc: obsolete

#head(path, initheader = nil)

Sends a HEAD request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Head object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader:

res = http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
res.body                    # => nil
res.to_hash.take(3)
# =>
[["date", ["Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:25:42 GMT"]],
 ["content-type", ["application/json; charset=utf-8"]],
 ["connection", ["close"]]]
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1942

def head(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Head.new(path, initheader))
end

#head2(path, initheader = nil, &block)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for #request_head.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2239

alias head2  request_head   #:nodoc: obsolete

#inspect

Returns a string representation of self:

Net::HTTP.new(hostname).inspect
# => "#<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>"
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1139

def inspect
  "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
end

#keep_alive?(req, res) ⇒ Boolean (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2428

def keep_alive?(req, res)
  return false if req.connection_close?
  if @curr_http_version <= '1.0'
    res.connection_keep_alive?
  else   # HTTP/1.1 or later
    not res.connection_close?
  end
end

#lock(path, body, initheader = nil)

Sends a LOCK request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Lock object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.lock(‘/todos/1’, data)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2047

def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
end

#mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)

Sends a MKCOL request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Mkcol object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http.mkcol(‘/todos/1’, data) http = HTTP.new(hostname)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2141

def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
  request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
end

#move(path, initheader = nil)

Sends a MOVE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Move object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.move(‘/todos/1’)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2114

def move(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Move.new(path, initheader))
end

#on_connect (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1699

def on_connect
end

#options(path, initheader = nil)

Sends an HTTP::Options request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Options object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.options(‘/’)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2074

def options(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Options.new(path, initheader))
end

#patch(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }

Sends a PATCH request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Patch object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.patch(‘/todos/1’, data) do |res|

  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false,\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\"\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

http.patch(‘/todos/1’, data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2005

def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: body_segment
  send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
end

#peer_cert

Returns the X509 certificate chain (an array of strings) for the session’s socket peer, or nil if none.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1541

def peer_cert
  if not use_ssl? or not @socket
    return nil
  end
  @socket.io.peer_cert
end

#post(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }

Sends a POST request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Post object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.post(‘/todos’, data) do |res|

  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

http.post(‘/todos’, data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Related:

  • HTTP::Post: request class for HTTP method POST.

  • .post: sends POST request, returns response body.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1976

def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: body_segment
  send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
end

#post2(path, data, initheader = nil, &block)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for #request_post.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2240

alias post2  request_post   #:nodoc: obsolete

#propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})

Sends a PROPFIND request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Propfind object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.propfind(‘/todos/1’, data)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2088

def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
  request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
end

#proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)

Sends a PROPPATCH request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Proppatch object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.proppatch(‘/todos/1’, data)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2033

def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
end

#proxy_uri

This method is for internal use only.

The proxy URI determined from the environment for this connection.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1801

def proxy_uri # :nodoc:
  return if @proxy_uri == false
  @proxy_uri ||= URI::HTTP.new(
    "http", nil, address, port, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
  ).find_proxy || false
  @proxy_uri || nil
end

#put(path, data, initheader = nil)

Sends a PUT request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Put object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.put(‘/todos/1’, data) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2019

def put(path, data, initheader = nil)
  request(Put.new(path, initheader), data)
end

#put2(path, data, initheader = nil, &block)

This method is for internal use only.

Alias for #request_put.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2241

alias put2   request_put    #:nodoc: obsolete

#request(req, body = nil, &block)

Sends the given request req to the server; forms the response into a HTTPResponse object.

The given req must be an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPRequest. Argument body should be given only if needed for the request.

With no block given, returns the response object:

http = HTTP.new(hostname)

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')

http.request(req)

# => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

req = Net::HTTP::Post.new('/todos')

http.request(req, ‘xyzzy’)

# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response and returns the response:

req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')

http.request(req) do |res|

  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

#<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2299

def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: response
  unless started?
    start {
      req['connection'] ||= 'close'
      return request(req, body, &block)
    }
  end
  if proxy_user()
    req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
  end
  req.set_body_internal body
  res = transport_request(req, &block)
  if sspi_auth?(res)
    sspi_auth(req)
    res = transport_request(req, &block)
  end
  res
end

#request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) Also known as: #get2

Sends a GET request to the server; forms the response into a HTTPResponse object.

The request is based on the HTTP::Get object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

With no block given, returns the response object:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.request_get(‘/todos’) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response object and returns the response object:

http.request_get(‘/todos’) do |res|

  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

#<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2180

def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: response
  request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
end

#request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block) Also known as: #head2

Sends a HEAD request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Head object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.head(‘/todos/1’) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2193

def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
  request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
end

#request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) Also known as: #post2

Sends a POST request to the server; forms the response into a HTTPResponse object.

The request is based on the HTTP::Post object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

With no block given, returns the response object:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.post(‘/todos’, ‘xyzzy’)

# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response body and returns the response object:

http.post(‘/todos’, ‘xyzzy’) do |res|

  p res
end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Output:

"{\n  \"xyzzy\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2220

def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: response
  request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
end

#request_put(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) Also known as: #put2

This method is for internal use only.

Sends a PUT request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Put object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash initheader.

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.put(‘/todos/1’, ‘xyzzy’)

# => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2234

def request_put(path, data, initheader = nil, &block)   #:nodoc:
  request Put.new(path, initheader), data, &block
end

#send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block) (private)

Executes a request which uses a representation and returns its body.

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2322

def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block)
  res = nil
  request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
    r.read_body dest, &block
    res = r
  }
  res
end

#send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)

Sends an HTTP request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTPRequest object created from string path, string data, and initial headers hash header. That object is an instance of the subclass of Net::HTTPRequest, that corresponds to the given uppercase string name, which must be an HTTP request method or a WebDAV request method.

Examples:

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.send_request(‘GET’, ‘/todos/1’)

# => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

http.send_request(‘POST’, ‘/todos’, ‘xyzzy’)

# => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2263

def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
  has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
  r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
  request r, data
end

#set_debug_output(output)

WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.

Sets the output stream for debugging:

http = HTTP.new(hostname)

File.open('t.tmp', 'w') do |file|

http.set_debug_output(file) http.start http.get(‘/nosuch/1’) http.finish

end
puts File.read('t.tmp')

Output:

opening connection to jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80...
opened
<- "GET /nosuch/1 HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\r\nAccept: */*\r\nUser-Agent: Ruby\r\nHost: jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\r\n\r\n"
#=> "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
#=> "Date: Mon, 12 Dec 2022 21:14:11 GMT\r\n"
#=> "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n"
#=> "Content-Length: 2\r\n"
#=> "Connection: keep-alive\r\n"
#=> "X-Powered-By: Express\r\n"
#=> "X-Ratelimit-Limit: 1000\r\n"
#=> "X-Ratelimit-Remaining: 999\r\n"
#=> "X-Ratelimit-Reset: 1670879660\r\n"
#=> "Vary: Origin, Accept-Encoding\r\n"
#=> "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true\r\n"
#=> "Cache-Control: max-age=43200\r\n"
#=> "Pragma: no-cache\r\n"
#=> "Expires: -1\r\n"
#=> "X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff\r\n"
#=> "Etag: W/\"2-vyGp6PvFo4RvsFtPoIWeCReyIC8\"\r\n"
#=> "Via: 1.1 vegur\r\n"
#=> "CF-Cache-Status: MISS\r\n"
#=> "Server-Timing: cf-q-config;dur=1.3000000762986e-05\r\n"
#=> "Report-To: {\"endpoints\":[{\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report\\/v3?s=yOr40jo%2BwS1KHzhTlVpl54beJ5Wx2FcG4gGV0XVrh3X9OlR5q4drUn2dkt5DGO4GDcE%2BVXT7CNgJvGs%2BZleIyMu8CLieFiDIvOviOY3EhHg94m0ZNZgrEdpKD0S85S507l1vsEwEHkoTm%2Ff19SiO\"}],\"group\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
#=> "NEL: {\"success_fraction\":0,\"report_to\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
#=> "Server: cloudflare\r\n"
#=> "CF-RAY: 778977dc484ce591-DFW\r\n"
#=> "alt-svc: h3=\":443\"; ma=86400, h3-29=\":443\"; ma=86400\r\n"
#=> "\r\n"
reading 2 bytes...
#=> "{}"
read 2 bytes
Conn keep-alive
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1192

def set_debug_output(output)
  warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
  @debug_output = output
end

#sspi_auth(req) (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2452

def sspi_auth(req)
  n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new
  req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}"
  # Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present.
  req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
  req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
  res = transport_request(req)
  authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"]  or return res
  req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}"
rescue => err
  raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err)
end

#sspi_auth?(res) ⇒ Boolean (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2437

def sspi_auth?(res)
  return false unless @sspi_enabled
  if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and
      proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate")
    begin
      require 'win32/sspi'
      true
    rescue LoadError
      false
    end
  else
    false
  end
end

#start

Starts an HTTP session.

Without a block, returns self:

http = HTTP.new(hostname)

# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>

http.start

# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=true>

http.started? # => true http.finish

With a block, calls the block with self, finishes the session when the block exits, and returns the block’s value:

http.start do |http| http

end
# => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>

http.started? # => false

Raises:

  • (IOError)
[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1569

def start  # :yield: http
  raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
  if block_given?
    begin
      do_start
      return yield(self)
    ensure
      do_finish
    end
  end
  do_start
  self
end

#trace(path, initheader = nil)

Sends a TRACE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Trace object created from string path and initial headers hash initheader.

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.trace(‘/todos/1’)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2154

def trace(path, initheader = nil)
  request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
end

#transport_request(req) (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2333

def transport_request(req)
  count = 0
  begin
    begin_transport req
    res = catch(:response) {
      begin
        req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
      rescue Errno::EPIPE
        # Failure when writing full request, but we can probably
        # still read the received response.
      end

      begin
        res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
        res.decode_content = req.decode_content
        res.body_encoding = @response_body_encoding
        res.ignore_eof = @ignore_eof
      end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation)

      res.uri = req.uri

      res
    }
    res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) {
      if block_given?
        count = max_retries # Don't restart in the middle of a download
        yield res
      end
    }
  rescue Net::OpenTimeout
    raise
  rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError,
         Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, Errno::ETIMEDOUT,
         # avoid a dependency on OpenSSL
         defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError,
         Timeout::Error => exception
    if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
      count += 1
      @socket.close if @socket
      debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
      retry
    end
    debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
    @socket.close if @socket
    raise
  end

  end_transport req, res
  res
rescue => exception
  debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
  @socket.close if @socket
  raise exception
end

#unescape(value) (private)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 1856

def unescape(value)
  require 'cgi/util'
  CGI.unescape(value)
end

#unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)

Sends an UNLOCK request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of HTTPResponse.

The request is based on the HTTP::Unlock object created from string path, string body, and initial headers hash initheader.

data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'

http = HTTP.new(hostname) http.unlock(‘/todos/1’, data)

[ GitHub ]

  
# File 'lib/net/http.rb', line 2061

def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
  request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
end