Module: Gem::Random::Formatter

Relationships & Source Files
Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance Descendants
Extended In: `::Gem::SecureRandom`
Defined in:	lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb

Overview

Random number formatter.

Formats generated random numbers in many manners. When 'random/formatter' is required, several methods are added to empty core module Formatter, making them available as Random’s instance and module methods.

Standard library ::Gem::SecureRandom is also extended with the module, and the methods described below are available as a module methods in it.

Examples

Generate random hexadecimal strings:

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

prng = Random.new
prng.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362"
prng.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559"
prng.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23"
# or just
Random.hex #=> "1aed0c631e41be7f77365415541052ee"

Generate random base64 strings:

prng.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA=="
prng.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg=="
prng.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8"
Random.base64(4) #=> "bsQ3fQ=="

Generate random binary strings:

prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301"
prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337"
Random.random_bytes(6) #=> "\xA1\xE6Lr\xC43"

Generate alphanumeric strings:

prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "S8baxMJnPl"
prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "aOxAg8BAJe"
Random.alphanumeric #=> "TmP9OsJHJLtaZYhP"

Generate UUIDs:

prng.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
prng.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
Random.uuid #=> "f14e0271-de96-45cc-8911-8910292a42cd"

All methods are available in the standard library {Gem::SecureRandom}, too:

Gem::SecureRandom.hex #=> "05b45376a30c67238eb93b16499e50cf"

Constant Summary

ALPHANUMERIC =

The default character list for #alphanumeric.

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 343
```
[*'A'..'Z', *'a'..'z', *'0'..'9']
```

Instance Method Summary

#alphanumeric(n = nil, chars: ALPHANUMERIC)

Generate a random alphanumeric string.
#base64(n = nil)

Generate a random base64 string.
#hex(n = nil)

Generate a random hexadecimal string.
#random_bytes(n = nil)

Generate a random binary string.
#urlsafe_base64(n = nil, padding = false)

Generate a random URL-safe base64 string.
#uuid (also: #uuid_v4)

Generate a random v4 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
#uuid_v4

Alias for #uuid.
#uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 0)

Generate a random v7 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
#choose(source, n) private

Generate a string that randomly draws from a source array of characters.
#gen_random(n) private

Internal interface to Random; Generate random data n bytes.

Instance Method Details

#alphanumeric(n = nil, chars: ALPHANUMERIC)

Generate a random alphanumeric string.

The argument n specifies the length, in characters, of the alphanumeric string to be generated. The argument chars specifies the character list which the result is consist of.

If n is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.

The result may contain A-Z, a-z and 0-9, unless chars is specified.

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

Random.alphanumeric     #=> "2BuBuLf3WfSKyQbR"
# or
prng = Random.new
prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "i6K93NdqiH"

Random.alphanumeric(4, chars: [*"0".."9"]) #=> "2952"
# or
prng = Random.new
prng.alphanumeric(10, chars: [*"!".."/"]) #=> ",.,++%/''."

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 368


def alphanumeric(n = nil, chars: ALPHANUMERIC)
  n = 16 if n.nil?
  choose(chars, n)
end

#base64(n = nil)

Generate a random base64 string.

The argument n specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number to be generated. The length of the result string is about 4/3 of n.

If n is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.

The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, “+”, “/” and “=”.

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

Random.base64 #=> "/2BuBuLf3+WfSKyQbRcc/A=="
# or
prng = Random.new
prng.base64 #=> "6BbW0pxO0YENxn38HMUbcQ=="

See RFC 3548 for the definition of base64.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 115


def base64(n=nil)
  [random_bytes(n)].pack("m0")
end

#choose(source, n) (private)

Generate a string that randomly draws from a source array of characters.

The argument source specifies the array of characters from which to generate the string. The argument n specifies the length, in characters, of the string to be generated.

The result may contain whatever characters are in the source array.

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

prng.choose([*'l'..'r'], 16) #=> "lmrqpoonmmlqlron"
prng.choose([*'0'..'9'], 5)  #=> "27309"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 313


private def choose(source, n)
  size = source.size
  m = 1
  limit = size
  while limit * size <= 0x100000000
    limit *= size
    m += 1
  end
  result = ''.dup
  while m <= n
    rs = random_number(limit)
    is = rs.digits(size)
    (m-is.length).times { is << 0 }
    result << source.values_at(*is).join('')
    n -= m
  end
  if 0 < n
    rs = random_number(limit)
    is = rs.digits(size)
    if is.length < n
      (n-is.length).times { is << 0 }
    else
      is.pop while n < is.length
    end
    result.concat source.values_at(*is).join('')
  end
  result
end

#gen_random(n) (private)

Internal interface to Random; Generate random data n bytes.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 295


private def gen_random(n)
  self.bytes(n)
end

#hex(n = nil)

Generate a random hexadecimal string.

The argument n specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number to be generated. The length of the resulting hexadecimal string is twice of n.

If n is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.

The result may contain 0-9 and a-f.

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

Random.hex #=> "eb693ec8252cd630102fd0d0fb7c3485"
# or
prng = Random.new
prng.hex #=> "91dc3bfb4de5b11d029d376634589b61"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 93


def hex(n=nil)
  random_bytes(n).unpack1("H*")
end

#random_bytes(n = nil)

Generate a random binary string.

The argument n specifies the length of the result string.

If n is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in future.

The result may contain any byte: “x00” - “xff”.

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

Random.random_bytes #=> "\xD8\\\xE0\xF4\r\xB2\xFC*WM\xFF\x83\x18\xF45\xB6"
# or
prng = Random.new
prng.random_bytes #=> "m\xDC\xFC/\a\x00Uf\xB2\xB2P\xBD\xFF6S\x97"

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 72


def random_bytes(n=nil)
  n = n ? n.to_int : 16
  gen_random(n)
end

#urlsafe_base64(n = nil, padding = false)

Generate a random URL-safe base64 string.

The argument n specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number to be generated. The length of the result string is about 4/3 of n.

If n is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.

The boolean argument padding specifies the padding. If it is false or nil, padding is not generated. Otherwise padding is generated. By default, padding is not generated because “=” may be used as a URL delimiter.

The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, “-” and “_”. “=” is also used if padding is true.

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

Random.urlsafe_base64 #=> "b4GOKm4pOYU_-BOXcrUGDg"
# or
prng = Random.new
prng.urlsafe_base64 #=> "UZLdOkzop70Ddx-IJR0ABg"

prng.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "i0XQ-7gglIsHGV2_BNPrdQ=="
prng.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "-M8rLhr7JEpJlqFGUMmOxg=="

See RFC 3548 for the definition of URL-safe base64.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 146


def urlsafe_base64(n=nil, padding=false)
  s = [random_bytes(n)].pack("m0")
  s.tr!("+/", "-_")
  s.delete!("=") unless padding
  s
end

#uuid Also known as: #uuid_v4

Generate a random v4 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

Random.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
Random.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
# or
prng = Random.new
prng.uuid #=> "62936e70-1815-439b-bf89-8492855a7e6b"

The version 4 UUID is purely random (except the version). It doesn’t contain meaningful information such as MAC addresses, timestamps, etc.

The result contains 122 random bits (15.25 random bytes).

See RFC9562 for details of UUIDv4.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 170


def uuid
  ary = random_bytes(16)
  ary.setbyte(6, (ary.getbyte(6) & 0x0f) | 0x40)
  ary.setbyte(8, (ary.getbyte(8) & 0x3f) | 0x80)
  ary.unpack("H8H4H4H4H12").join(?-)
end

#uuid_v4

Alias for #uuid.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 177


alias uuid_v4 uuid

#uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 0)

Generate a random v7 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).

require 'rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter'

Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1311-7f96-85c7-242a7aa58f1e"
Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-16fe-744f-86af-38fa04c62bb5"
Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1af8-764f-b049-c204ce0afa23"
Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1e74-7085-b14f-ef6415dc6f31"
#                    |<--sorted-->| |<----- random ---->|

# or
prng = Random.new
prng.uuid_v7 # => "0188ca51-5e72-7950-a11d-def7ff977c98"

The version 7 UUID starts with the least significant 48 bits of a 64 bit Unix timestamp (milliseconds since the epoch) and fills the remaining bits with random data, excluding the version and variant bits.

This allows version 7 UUIDs to be sorted by creation time. Time ordered UUIDs can be used for better database index locality of newly inserted records, which may have a significant performance benefit compared to random data inserts.

The result contains 74 random bits (9.25 random bytes).

Note that this method cannot be made reproducible because its output includes not only random bits but also timestamp.

See RFC9562 for details of UUIDv7.

Monotonicity

UUIDv7 has millisecond precision by default, so multiple UUIDs created within the same millisecond are not issued in monotonically increasing order. To create UUIDs that are time-ordered with sub-millisecond precision, up to 12 bits of additional timestamp may added with extra_timestamp_bits. The extra timestamp precision comes at the expense of random bits. Setting extra_timestamp_bits: 12 provides ~244ns of precision, but only 62 random bits (7.75 random bytes).

prng = Random.new
Array.new(4) { prng.uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 12) }
# =>
["0188d4c7-13da-74f9-8b53-22a786ffdd5a",
 "0188d4c7-13da-753b-83a5-7fb9b2afaeea",
 "0188d4c7-13da-754a-88ea-ac0baeedd8db",
 "0188d4c7-13da-7557-83e1-7cad9cda0d8d"]
# |<--- sorted --->| |<-- random --->|

Array.new(4) { prng.uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 8) }
# =>
["0188d4c7-3333-7a95-850a-de6edb858f7e",
 "0188d4c7-3333-7ae8-842e-bc3a8b7d0cf9",  # <- out of order
 "0188d4c7-3333-7ae2-995a-9f135dc44ead",  # <- out of order
 "0188d4c7-3333-7af9-87c3-8f612edac82e"]
# |<--- sorted -->||<---- random --->|

Any rollbacks of the system clock will break monotonicity. UUIDv7 is based on UTC, which excludes leap seconds and can rollback the clock. To avoid this, the system clock can synchronize with an NTP server configured to use a “leap smear” approach. NTP or PTP will also be needed to synchronize across distributed nodes.

Counters and other mechanisms for stronger guarantees of monotonicity are not implemented. Applications with stricter requirements should follow Section 6.2 of the specification.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'lib/rubygems/vendor/securerandom/lib/random/formatter.rb', line 247


def uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 0)
  case (extra_timestamp_bits = Integer(extra_timestamp_bits))
  when 0 # min timestamp precision
    ms = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :millisecond)
    rand = random_bytes(10)
    rand.setbyte(0, rand.getbyte(0) & 0x0f | 0x70) # version
    rand.setbyte(2, rand.getbyte(2) & 0x3f | 0x80) # variant
    "%08x-%04x-%s" % [
      (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16,
      (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff),
      rand.unpack("H4H4H12").join("-")
    ]

  when 12 # max timestamp precision
    ms, ns = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
      .divmod(1_000_000)
    extra_bits = ns * 4096 / 1_000_000
    rand = random_bytes(8)
    rand.setbyte(0, rand.getbyte(0) & 0x3f | 0x80) # variant
    "%08x-%04x-7%03x-%s" % [
      (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16,
      (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff),
      extra_bits,
      rand.unpack("H4H12").join("-")
    ]

  when (0..12) # the generic version is slower than the special cases above
    rand_a, rand_b1, rand_b2, rand_b3 = random_bytes(10).unpack("nnnN")
    rand_mask_bits = 12 - extra_timestamp_bits
    ms, ns = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
      .divmod(1_000_000)
    "%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % [
      (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16,
      (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff),
      0x7000 |
        ((ns * (1 << extra_timestamp_bits) / 1_000_000) << rand_mask_bits) |
        rand_a & ((1 << rand_mask_bits) - 1),
      0x8000 | (rand_b1 & 0x3fff),
      rand_b2,
      rand_b3
    ]

  else
    raise ArgumentError, "extra_timestamp_bits must be in 0..12"
  end
end