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Module: TSort

Relationships & Source Files
Namespace Children
Exceptions:
Cyclic
Defined in: lib/tsort.rb

Overview

TSort implements topological sorting using Tarjan’s algorithm for strongly connected components.

TSort is designed to be able to be used with any object which can be interpreted as a directed graph.

TSort requires two methods to interpret an object as a graph, tsort_each_node and tsort_each_child.

  • tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.

  • tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of a given node.

The equality of nodes are defined by eql? and hash since TSort uses Hash internally.

A Simple Example

The following example demonstrates how to mix the TSort module into an existing class (in this case, Hash). Here, we’re treating each key in the hash as a node in the graph, and so we simply alias the required #tsort_each_node method to Hash’s #each_key method. For each key in the hash, the associated value is an array of the node’s child nodes. This choice in turn leads to our implementation of the required #tsort_each_child method, which fetches the array of child nodes and then iterates over that array using the user-supplied block.

require 'tsort'

class Hash
  include TSort
  alias tsort_each_node each_key
  def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
    fetch(node).each(&block)
  end
end

{1=>[2, 3], 2=>[3], 3=>[], 4=>[]}.tsort
#=> [3, 2, 1, 4]

{1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}.strongly_connected_components
#=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]

A More Realistic Example

A very simple ‘make’ like tool can be implemented as follows:

require 'tsort'

class Make
  def initialize
    @dep = {}
    @dep.default = []
  end

  def rule(outputs, inputs=[], &block)
    triple = [outputs, inputs, block]
    outputs.each {|f| @dep[f] = [triple]}
    @dep[triple] = inputs
  end

  def build(target)
    each_strongly_connected_component_from(target) {|ns|
      if ns.length != 1
        fs = ns.delete_if {|n| Array === n}
        raise TSort::Cyclic.new("cyclic dependencies: #{fs.join ', '}")
      end
      n = ns.first
      if Array === n
        outputs, inputs, block = n
        inputs_time = inputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.max
        begin
          outputs_time = outputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.min
        rescue Errno::ENOENT
          outputs_time = nil
        end
        if outputs_time == nil ||
           inputs_time != nil && outputs_time <= inputs_time
          sleep 1 if inputs_time != nil && inputs_time.to_i == Time.now.to_i
          block.call
        end
      end
    }
  end

  def tsort_each_child(node, &block)
    @dep[node].each(&block)
  end
  include TSort
end

def command(arg)
  print arg, "\n"
  system arg
end

m = Make.new
m.rule(%w[t1]) { command 'date > t1' }
m.rule(%w[t2]) { command 'date > t2' }
m.rule(%w[t3]) { command 'date > t3' }
m.rule(%w[t4], %w[t1 t3]) { command 'cat t1 t3 > t4' }
m.rule(%w[t5], %w[t4 t2]) { command 'cat t4 t2 > t5' }
m.build('t5')

Bugs

  • ‘tsort.rb’ is wrong name because this library uses Tarjan’s algorithm for strongly connected components. Although ‘strongly_connected_components.rb’ is correct but too long.

References

    1. Tarjan, “Depth First Search and Linear Graph Algorithms”,

SIAM Journal on Computing, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 146-160, June 1972.

Constant Summary

Class Method Summary

Instance Method Summary

Class Method Details

.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child)

The iterator version of the .strongly_connected_components method.

The graph is represented by each_node and each_child. each_node should have call method which yields for each node in the graph. each_child should have call method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.

g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
#=> [4]
#   [2]
#   [3]
#   [1]

g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|scc| p scc }
#=> [4]
#   [2, 3]
#   [1]
[ GitHub ] 

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 345



def self.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) # :yields: nodes
  return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?

  id_map = {}
  stack = []
  each_node.call {|node|
    unless id_map.include? node
      each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
        yield c
      }
    end
  }
  nil
end


  








  

    .each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map = {}, stack = [])  
  



  

    

Iterates over strongly connected components in a graph. The graph is represented by node and each_child.



node is the first node. each_child should have call method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.



Return value is unspecified.



#TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from is a class method and it doesn’t need a class to represent a graph which includes TSort.



graph = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| graph[n].each(&b) }
TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(1, each_child) {|scc|
  p scc
}
#=> [4]
#   [2, 3]
#   [1]


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 411



def self.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, each_child, id_map={}, stack=[]) # :yields: nodes
  return to_enum(__method__, node, each_child, id_map, stack) unless block_given?

  minimum_id = node_id = id_map[node] = id_map.size
  stack_length = stack.length
  stack << node

  each_child.call(node) {|child|
    if id_map.include? child
      child_id = id_map[child]
      minimum_id = child_id if child_id && child_id < minimum_id
    else
      sub_minimum_id =
        each_strongly_connected_component_from(child, each_child, id_map, stack) {|c|
          yield c
        }
      minimum_id = sub_minimum_id if sub_minimum_id < minimum_id
    end
  }

  if node_id == minimum_id
    component = stack.slice!(stack_length .. -1)
    component.each {|n| id_map[n] = nil}
    yield component
  end

  minimum_id
end


  








  

    .strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)  
  



  

    

Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes. The array is sorted from children to parents. Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.



The graph is represented by each_node and each_child. each_node should have call method which yields for each node in the graph. each_child should have call method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.



g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
p TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
#=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]

g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
p TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
#=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 283



def self.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
  each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child).to_a
end


  








  

    .tsort(each_node, each_child)  
  



  

    

Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes. The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e. the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.



The graph is represented by each_node and each_child. each_node should have call method which yields for each node in the graph. each_child should have call method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.



If there is a cycle, ::TSort::Cyclic is raised.



g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
p TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]

g = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}
each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
p TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child) # raises TSort::Cyclic


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 178



def self.tsort(each_node, each_child)
  tsort_each(each_node, each_child).to_a
end


  








  

    .tsort_each(each_node, each_child)  
  



  

    

The iterator version of the .tsort method.



The graph is represented by each_node and each_child. each_node should have call method which yields for each node in the graph. each_child should have call method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.



g = {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}
each_node = lambda {|&b| g.each_key(&b) }
each_child = lambda {|n, &b| g[n].each(&b) }
TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) {|n| p n }
#=> 4
#   2
#   3
#   1


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 226



def self.tsort_each(each_node, each_child) # :yields: node
  return to_enum(__method__, each_node, each_child) unless block_given?

  each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child) {|component|
    if component.size == 1
      yield component.first
    else
      raise Cyclic.new("topological sort failed: #{component.inspect}")
    end
  }
end


  







Instance Method Details



  

    #each_strongly_connected_component(&block)  
  



  

    

The iterator version of the #strongly_connected_components method. obj.each_strongly_connected_component is similar to obj.strongly_connected_components.each, but modification of obj during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.



#each_strongly_connected_component returns nil.



class G
  include TSort
  def initialize(g)
    @g = g
  end
  def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
  def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
end

graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
#=> [4]
#   [2]
#   [3]
#   [1]

graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
graph.each_strongly_connected_component {|scc| p scc }
#=> [4]
#   [2, 3]
#   [1]


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 316



def each_strongly_connected_component(&block) # :yields: nodes
  each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
  each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
  TSort.each_strongly_connected_component(each_node, each_child, &block)
end


  








  

    #each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, id_map = {}, stack = [], &block)  
  



  

    

Iterates over strongly connected component in the subgraph reachable from node.



Return value is unspecified.



#each_strongly_connected_component_from doesn’t call #tsort_each_node.



class G
  include TSort
  def initialize(g)
    @g = g
  end
  def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
  def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
end

graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
#=> [4]
#   [2]

graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc }
#=> [4]
#   [2, 3]


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 386



def each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, id_map={}, stack=[], &block) # :yields: nodes
  TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(node, method(:tsort_each_child), id_map, stack, &block)
end


  








  

    #strongly_connected_components  
  



  

    

Returns strongly connected components as an array of arrays of nodes. The array is sorted from children to parents. Each elements of the array represents a strongly connected component.



class G
  include TSort
  def initialize(g)
    @g = g
  end
  def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
  def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
end

graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2], [3], [1]]

graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
p graph.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 257



def strongly_connected_components
  each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
  each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
  TSort.strongly_connected_components(each_node, each_child)
end


  








  

    #tsort  
  



  

    

Returns a topologically sorted array of nodes. The array is sorted from children to parents, i.e. the first element has no child and the last node has no parent.



If there is a cycle, ::TSort::Cyclic is raised.



class G
  include TSort
  def initialize(g)
    @g = g
  end
  def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
  def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
end

graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
p graph.tsort #=> [4, 2, 3, 1]

graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]})
p graph.tsort # raises TSort::Cyclic


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 152



def tsort
  each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
  each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
  TSort.tsort(each_node, each_child)
end


  








  

    #tsort_each(&block)  
  



  

    

The iterator version of the #tsort method. obj.tsort_each is similar to obj.tsort.each, but modification of obj during the iteration may lead to unexpected results.



#tsort_each returns nil. If there is a cycle, ::TSort::Cyclic is raised.



class G
  include TSort
  def initialize(g)
    @g = g
  end
  def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end
  def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end
end

graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]})
graph.tsort_each {|n| p n }
#=> 4
#   2
#   3
#   1


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 205



def tsort_each(&block) # :yields: node
  each_node = method(:tsort_each_node)
  each_child = method(:tsort_each_child)
  TSort.tsort_each(each_node, each_child, &block)
end


  








  

    #tsort_each_child(node)  
  



  

    

Should be implemented by a extended class.



#tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of node.


  





  
Raises:


    
  
  • 
    (NotImplementedError)
  
    • 





  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 452



def tsort_each_child(node) # :yields: child
  raise NotImplementedError.new
end


  








  

    #tsort_each_node  
  



  

    

Should be implemented by a extended class.



#tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.


  





  
Raises:


    
  
  • 
    (NotImplementedError)
  
    • 





  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'lib/tsort.rb', line 444



def tsort_each_node # :yields: node
  raise NotImplementedError.new
end