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Class: BigDecimal

Relationships & Source Files
Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance
Class Chain:
self, ::Numeric
Instance Chain:
self, ::Numeric
Inherits: Numeric
Defined in: ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c,
ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c,
ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb

Overview

BigDecimal provides arbitrary-precision floating point decimal arithmetic.

Introduction

Ruby provides built-in support for arbitrary precision integer arithmetic.

For example:

42**13  #=>   1265437718438866624512

BigDecimal provides similar support for very large or very accurate floating point numbers.

Decimal arithmetic is also useful for general calculation, because it provides the correct answers people expect–whereas normal binary floating point arithmetic often introduces subtle errors because of the conversion between base 10 and base 2.

For example, try:

sum = 0
10_000.times do
  sum = sum + 0.0001
end
print sum #=> 0.9999999999999062

and contrast with the output from:

require 'bigdecimal'

sum = BigDecimal("0")
10_000.times do
  sum = sum + BigDecimal("0.0001")
end
print sum #=> 0.1E1

Similarly:

(BigDecimal("1.2") - BigDecimal("1.0")) == BigDecimal("0.2") #=> true

(1.2 - 1.0) == 0.2 #=> false

A Note About Precision

For a calculation using a BigDecimal and another value, the precision of the result depends on the type of value:

  • If value is a Float, the precision is Float::DIG + 1.

  • If value is a Rational, the precision is larger than Float::DIG + 1.

  • If value is a BigDecimal, the precision is value‘s precision in the internal representation, which is platform-dependent.

  • If value is other object, the precision is determined by the result of BigDecimal(value).

Special features of accurate decimal arithmetic

Because BigDecimal is more accurate than normal binary floating point arithmetic, it requires some special values.

Infinity

BigDecimal sometimes needs to return infinity, for example if you divide a value by zero.

BigDecimal("1.0") / BigDecimal("0.0")  #=> Infinity
BigDecimal("-1.0") / BigDecimal("0.0")  #=> -Infinity

You can represent infinite numbers to BigDecimal using the strings 'Infinity', '+Infinity' and '-Infinity' (case-sensitive)

Not a Number

When a computation results in an undefined value, the special value NaN (for ‘not a number’) is returned.

Example:

BigDecimal("0.0") / BigDecimal("0.0") #=> NaN

You can also create undefined values.

NaN is never considered to be the same as any other value, even NaN itself:

n = BigDecimal('NaN')
n == 0.0 #=> false
n == n #=> false

Positive and negative zero

If a computation results in a value which is too small to be represented as a BigDecimal within the currently specified limits of precision, zero must be returned.

If the value which is too small to be represented is negative, a BigDecimal value of negative zero is returned.

BigDecimal("1.0") / BigDecimal("-Infinity") #=> -0.0

If the value is positive, a value of positive zero is returned.

BigDecimal("1.0") / BigDecimal("Infinity") #=> 0.0

(See .mode for how to specify limits of precision.)

Note that -0.0 and 0.0 are considered to be the same for the purposes of comparison.

Note also that in mathematics, there is no particular concept of negative or positive zero; true mathematical zero has no sign.

bigdecimal/util

When you require bigdecimal/util, the #to_d method will be available on BigDecimal and the native ::Integer, ::Float, ::Rational, and ::String classes:

require 'bigdecimal/util'

42.to_d         # => 0.42e2
0.5.to_d        # => 0.5e0
(2/3r).to_d(3)  # => 0.667e0
"0.5".to_d      # => 0.5e0

Methods for Working with JSON

  • ::json_create: Returns a new BigDecimal object constructed from the given object.

  • #as_json: Returns a 2-element hash representing self.

  • #to_json: Returns a JSON string representing self.

These methods are provided by the JSON gem. To make these methods available:

require 'json/add/bigdecimal'

  • License

Copyright © 2002 by Shigeo Kobayashi <shigeo@tinyforest.gr.jp>.

BigDecimal is released under the Ruby and 2-clause BSD licenses. See LICENSE.txt for details.

Maintained by mrkn <mrkn@mrkn.jp> and ruby-core members.

Documented by zzak <zachary@zacharyscott.net>, mathew <meta@pobox.com>, and many other contributors.

Constant Summary

Class Method Summary

Instance Attribute Summary

Instance Method Summary

Class Method Details

._load(str)

Internal method used to provide marshalling support. See the Marshal module.

[ GitHub ] 

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 804



static VALUE
BigDecimal_load(VALUE self, VALUE str)
{
    ENTER(2);
    Real *pv;
    unsigned char *pch;
    unsigned char ch;
    unsigned long m=0;

    pch = (unsigned char *)StringValueCStr(str);
    /* First get max prec */
    while((*pch) != (unsigned char)'\0' && (ch = *pch++) != (unsigned char)':') {
        if(!ISDIGIT(ch)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "load failed: invalid character in the marshaled string");
        }
        m = m*10 + (unsigned long)(ch-'0');
    }
    if (m > VpBaseFig()) m -= VpBaseFig();
    GUARD_OBJ(pv, VpNewRbClass(m, (char *)pch, self, true, true));
    m /= VpBaseFig();
    if (m && pv->MaxPrec > m) {
	pv->MaxPrec = m+1;
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(pv);
}


  








  

    .double_fig  
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    .interpret_loosely(str)  
  

  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3761



static VALUE
BigDecimal_s_interpret_loosely(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
{
    char const *c_str = StringValueCStr(str);
    Real *vp = VpNewRbClass(0, c_str, klass, false, true);
    if (!vp)
        return Qnil;
    else
        return VpCheckGetValue(vp);
}


  








  

    .limit(digits)    



  

    

Limit the number of significant digits in newly created BigDecimal numbers to the specified value. Rounding is performed as necessary, as specified by .mode.



A limit of 0, the default, means no upper limit.



The limit specified by this method takes less priority over any limit specified to instance methods such as ceil, floor, truncate, or round.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3784



static VALUE
BigDecimal_limit(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE  nFig;
    VALUE  nCur = SIZET2NUM(VpGetPrecLimit());

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nFig) == 1) {
	int nf;
	if (NIL_P(nFig)) return nCur;
	nf = NUM2INT(nFig);
	if (nf < 0) {
	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument must be positive");
	}
	VpSetPrecLimit(nf);
    }
    return nCur;
}


  








  

    .mode(mode, setting = nil)  ⇒ Integer   



  

    

Returns an integer representing the mode settings for exception handling and rounding.



These modes control exception handling:


  • 

    BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_NaN.
    

  • 

    BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_INFINITY.
    

  • 

    BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW.
    

  • 

    BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW.
    

  • 

    BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE.
    

  • 

    BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL.
    




Values for setting for exception handling:


  • 

    true: sets the given mode to true.
    

  • 

    false: sets the given mode to false.
    

  • 

    nil: does not modify the mode settings.
    




You can use method .save_exception_mode to temporarily change, and then automatically restore, exception modes.



For clarity, some examples below begin by setting all exception modes to false.



This mode controls the way rounding is to be performed:


  • 

    BigDecimal::ROUND_MODE
    




You can use method .save_rounding_mode to temporarily change, and then automatically restore, the rounding mode.



NaNs



Mode BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_NaN controls behavior when a BigDecimal NaN is created.



Settings:


  • 

    false (default): Returns BigDecimal('NaN').
    

  • 

    true: Raises FloatDomainError.
    




Examples:



BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL, false) # => 0
BigDecimal('NaN')                                 # => NaN
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_NaN, true)  # => 2
BigDecimal('NaN') # Raises FloatDomainError



Infinities



Mode BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_INFINITY controls behavior when a BigDecimal Infinity or -Infinity is created. Settings:


  • 

    false (default): Returns BigDecimal('Infinity') or BigDecimal('-Infinity').
    

  • 

    true: Raises FloatDomainError.
    




Examples:



BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL, false)     # => 0
BigDecimal('Infinity')                                # => Infinity
BigDecimal('-Infinity')                               # => -Infinity
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_INFINITY, true) # => 1
BigDecimal('Infinity')  # Raises FloatDomainError
BigDecimal('-Infinity') # Raises FloatDomainError



Underflow



Mode BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW controls behavior when a BigDecimal underflow occurs. Settings:


  • 

    false (default): Returns BigDecimal('0') or BigDecimal('-Infinity').
    

  • 

    true: Raises FloatDomainError.
    




Examples:



BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL, false)      # => 0
def flow_under
  x = BigDecimal('0.1')
  100.times { x *= x }
end
flow_under                                             # => 100
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW, true) # => 4
flow_under # Raises FloatDomainError



Overflow



Mode BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW controls behavior when a BigDecimal overflow occurs. Settings:


  • 

    false (default): Returns BigDecimal('Infinity') or BigDecimal('-Infinity').
    

  • 

    true: Raises FloatDomainError.
    




Examples:



BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL, false)     # => 0
def flow_over
  x = BigDecimal('10')
  100.times { x *= x }
end
flow_over                                             # => 100
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW, true) # => 1
flow_over # Raises FloatDomainError



Zero Division



Mode BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE controls behavior when a zero-division occurs. Settings:


  • 

    false (default): Returns BigDecimal('Infinity') or BigDecimal('-Infinity').
    

  • 

    true: Raises FloatDomainError.
    




Examples:



BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL, false)       # => 0
one = BigDecimal('1')
zero = BigDecimal('0')
one / zero                                              # => Infinity
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE, true) # => 16
one / zero # Raises FloatDomainError



All Exceptions



Mode BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL controls all of the above:



BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL, false) # => 0
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_ALL, true)  # => 23



Rounding



Mode BigDecimal::ROUND_MODE controls the way rounding is to be performed; its setting values are:


  • 

    ROUND_UP: Round away from zero. Aliased as :up.
    

  • 

    ROUND_DOWN: Round toward zero. Aliased as :down and :truncate.
    

  • 

    ROUND_HALF_UP: Round toward the nearest neighbor; if the neighbors are equidistant, round away from zero. Aliased as :half_up and :default.
    

  • 

    ROUND_HALF_DOWN: Round toward the nearest neighbor; if the neighbors are equidistant, round toward zero. Aliased as :half_down.
    

  • 

    ROUND_HALF_EVEN (Banker’s rounding): Round toward the nearest neighbor; if the neighbors are equidistant, round toward the even neighbor. Aliased as :half_even and :banker.
    

  • 

    ROUND_CEILING: Round toward positive infinity. Aliased as :ceiling and :ceil.
    

  • 

    ROUND_FLOOR: Round toward negative infinity. Aliased as :floor:.
    



  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1064



static VALUE
BigDecimal_mode(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE which;
    VALUE val;
    unsigned long f,fo;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &which, &val);
    f = (unsigned long)NUM2INT(which);

    if (f & VP_EXCEPTION_ALL) {
	/* Exception mode setting */
	fo = VpGetException();
	if (val == Qnil) return INT2FIX(fo);
	if (val != Qfalse && val!=Qtrue) {
	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "second argument must be true or false");
	    return Qnil; /* Not reached */
	}
	if (f & VP_EXCEPTION_INFINITY) {
	    VpSetException((unsigned short)((val == Qtrue) ? (fo | VP_EXCEPTION_INFINITY) :
			(fo & (~VP_EXCEPTION_INFINITY))));
	}
	fo = VpGetException();
	if (f & VP_EXCEPTION_NaN) {
	    VpSetException((unsigned short)((val == Qtrue) ? (fo | VP_EXCEPTION_NaN) :
			(fo & (~VP_EXCEPTION_NaN))));
	}
	fo = VpGetException();
	if (f & VP_EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW) {
	    VpSetException((unsigned short)((val == Qtrue) ? (fo | VP_EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW) :
			(fo & (~VP_EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW))));
	}
	fo = VpGetException();
	if(f & VP_EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE) {
	    VpSetException((unsigned short)((val == Qtrue) ? (fo | VP_EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE) :
			(fo & (~VP_EXCEPTION_ZERODIVIDE))));
	}
	fo = VpGetException();
	return INT2FIX(fo);
    }
    if (VP_ROUND_MODE == f) {
	/* Rounding mode setting */
	unsigned short sw;
	fo = VpGetRoundMode();
	if (NIL_P(val)) return INT2FIX(fo);
	sw = check_rounding_mode(val);
	fo = VpSetRoundMode(sw);
	return INT2FIX(fo);
    }
    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "first argument for BigDecimal.mode invalid");
    return Qnil;
}


  








  

    .save_exception_mode    



  

    

Execute the provided block, but preserve the exception mode



BigDecimal.save_exception_mode do
  BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW, false)
  BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_NaN, false)

  BigDecimal(BigDecimal('Infinity'))
  BigDecimal(BigDecimal('-Infinity'))
  BigDecimal(BigDecimal('NaN'))
end



For use with the BigDecimal::EXCEPTION_*



See .mode


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3845



static VALUE
BigDecimal_save_exception_mode(VALUE self)
{
    unsigned short const exception_mode = VpGetException();
    int state;
    VALUE ret = rb_protect(rb_yield, Qnil, &state);
    VpSetException(exception_mode);
    if (state) rb_jump_tag(state);
    return ret;
}


  








  

    .save_limit    



  

    

Execute the provided block, but preserve the precision limit



BigDecimal.limit(100)
puts BigDecimal.limit
BigDecimal.save_limit do
    BigDecimal.limit(200)
    puts BigDecimal.limit
end
puts BigDecimal.limit


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3895



static VALUE
BigDecimal_save_limit(VALUE self)
{
    size_t const limit = VpGetPrecLimit();
    int state;
    VALUE ret = rb_protect(rb_yield, Qnil, &state);
    VpSetPrecLimit(limit);
    if (state) rb_jump_tag(state);
    return ret;
}


  








  

    .save_rounding_mode    



  

    

Execute the provided block, but preserve the rounding mode



BigDecimal.save_rounding_mode do
  BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::ROUND_MODE, :up)
  puts BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::ROUND_MODE)
end



For use with the BigDecimal::ROUND_*



See .mode


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3870



static VALUE
BigDecimal_save_rounding_mode(VALUE self)
{
    unsigned short const round_mode = VpGetRoundMode();
    int state;
    VALUE ret = rb_protect(rb_yield, Qnil, &state);
    VpSetRoundMode(round_mode);
    if (state) rb_jump_tag(state);
    return ret;
}


  







Instance Attribute Details



  

    #finite?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  



  

    

Returns True if the value is finite (not NaN or infinite).


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1228



static VALUE
BigDecimal_IsFinite(VALUE self)
{
    Real *p = GetVpValue(self, 1);
    if (VpIsNaN(p)) return Qfalse;
    if (VpIsInf(p)) return Qfalse;
    return Qtrue;
}


  








  

    #infinite?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  



  

    

Returns nil, -1, or 1 depending on whether the value is finite, -Infinity, or Infinity.


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1218



static VALUE
BigDecimal_IsInfinite(VALUE self)
{
    Real *p = GetVpValue(self, 1);
    if (VpIsPosInf(p)) return INT2FIX(1);
    if (VpIsNegInf(p)) return INT2FIX(-1);
    return Qnil;
}


  








  

    #nan?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  



  

    

Returns True if the value is Not a Number.


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1207



static VALUE
BigDecimal_IsNaN(VALUE self)
{
    Real *p = GetVpValue(self, 1);
    if (VpIsNaN(p))  return Qtrue;
    return Qfalse;
}


  








  

    #nonzero?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  



  

    

Returns self if the value is non-zero, nil otherwise.


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1646



static VALUE
BigDecimal_nonzero(VALUE self)
{
    Real *a = GetVpValue(self, 1);
    return VpIsZero(a) ? Qnil : self;
}


  








  

    #zero?  ⇒ Boolean  (readonly)
  



  

    

Returns True if the value is zero.


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1638



static VALUE
BigDecimal_zero(VALUE self)
{
    Real *a = GetVpValue(self, 1);
    return VpIsZero(a) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}


  







Instance Method Details



  

    #%  
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #*(r)  
  

  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1783



static VALUE
BigDecimal_mult(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a, *b;
    size_t mx;

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
        b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, 0, 1);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
    }
    else {
	b = GetVpValue(r,0);
    }

    if (!b) return DoSomeOne(self, r, '*');
    SAVE(b);

    mx = a->Prec + b->Prec;
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx * (VpBaseFig() + 1)));
    VpMult(c, a, b);
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #**(other)  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns the BigDecimal value of self raised to power other:



b = BigDecimal('3.14')
b ** 2              # => 0.98596e1
b ** 2.0            # => 0.98596e1
b ** Rational(2, 1) # => 0.98596e1



Related: #power.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3238



static VALUE
BigDecimal_power_op(VALUE self, VALUE exp)
{
    return BigDecimal_power(1, &exp, self);
}


  








  

    #+(value)  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns the BigDecimal sum of self and value:



b = BigDecimal('111111.111') # => 0.111111111e6
b + 2                        # => 0.111113111e6
b + 2.0                      # => 0.111113111e6
b + Rational(2, 1)           # => 0.111113111e6
b + Complex(2, 0)            # => (0.111113111e6+0i)



See the [Note About Precision](BigDecimal.html#class-BigDecimal-label-A+Note+About+Precision).


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1447



static VALUE
BigDecimal_add(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a, *b;
    size_t mx;

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, 0, 1);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
    }
    else {
	b = GetVpValue(r, 0);
    }

    if (!b) return DoSomeOne(self,r,'+');
    SAVE(b);

    if (VpIsNaN(b)) return b->obj;
    if (VpIsNaN(a)) return a->obj;

    mx = GetAddSubPrec(a, b);
    if (mx == (size_t)-1L) {
        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, VpBaseFig() + 1));
        VpAddSub(c, a, b, 1);
    }
    else {
        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx * (VpBaseFig() + 1)));
        if (!mx) {
            VpSetInf(c, VpGetSign(a));
        }
        else {
            VpAddSub(c, a, b, 1);
        }
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #+  ⇒ self   



  

    

Returns self:



+BigDecimal(5)  # => 0.5e1
+BigDecimal(-5) # => -0.5e1


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1425



static VALUE
BigDecimal_uplus(VALUE self)
{
    return self;
}


  








  

    #-(value)  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns the BigDecimal difference of self and value:



b = BigDecimal('333333.333') # => 0.333333333e6
b - 2                        # => 0.333331333e6
b - 2.0                      # => 0.333331333e6
b - Rational(2, 1)           # => 0.333331333e6
b - Complex(2, 0)            # => (0.333331333e6+0i)



See the [Note About Precision](BigDecimal.html#class-BigDecimal-label-A+Note+About+Precision).


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1502



static VALUE
BigDecimal_sub(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a, *b;
    size_t mx;

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self,1));
    if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_FLOAT)) {
	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, 0, 1);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(r, T_RATIONAL)) {
	b = GetVpValueWithPrec(r, a->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1);
    }
    else {
	b = GetVpValue(r,0);
    }

    if (!b) return DoSomeOne(self,r,'-');
    SAVE(b);

    if (VpIsNaN(b)) return b->obj;
    if (VpIsNaN(a)) return a->obj;

    mx = GetAddSubPrec(a,b);
    if (mx == (size_t)-1L) {
        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, VpBaseFig() + 1));
        VpAddSub(c, a, b, -1);
    }
    else {
        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx *(VpBaseFig() + 1)));
        if (!mx) {
            VpSetInf(c,VpGetSign(a));
        }
        else {
            VpAddSub(c, a, b, -1);
        }
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #-  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns the BigDecimal negation of self:



b0 = BigDecimal('1.5')
b1 = -b0 # => -0.15e1
b2 = -b1 # => 0.15e1


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1772



static VALUE
BigDecimal_neg(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, a->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1)));
    VpAsgn(c, a, -1);
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #/  
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #<(other)  ⇒ Boolean   



  

    

Returns true if self is less than other, false otherwise:



b = BigDecimal('1.5') # => 0.15e1
b < 2                 # => true
b < 2.0               # => true
b < Rational(2, 1)    # => true
b < 1.5               # => false



Raises an exception if the comparison cannot be made.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1692



static VALUE
BigDecimal_lt(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, '<');
}


  








  

    #<=(other)  ⇒ Boolean   



  

    

Returns true if self is less or equal to than other, false otherwise:



b = BigDecimal('1.5') # => 0.15e1
b <= 2                # => true
b <= 2.0              # => true
b <= Rational(2, 1)   # => true
b <= 1.5              # => true
b < 1                 # => false



Raises an exception if the comparison cannot be made.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1713



static VALUE
BigDecimal_le(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, 'L');
}


  








  

    #<=>(r)  
  



  

    

The comparison operator. a <=> b is 0 if a == b, 1 if a > b, -1 if a < b.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1656



static VALUE
BigDecimal_comp(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, '*');
}


  








  

    #==(r)  
    Also known as: #===, #eql?
  



  

    

Tests for value equality; returns true if the values are equal.



The == and === operators and the eql? method have the same implementation for BigDecimal.



Values may be coerced to perform the comparison:



BigDecimal('1.0') == 1.0  #=> true


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1672



static VALUE
BigDecimal_eq(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, '=');
}


  








  

    #===(r)  
  



  

    

Alias for #==.


  









  

    #>(other)  ⇒ Boolean   



  

    

Returns true if self is greater than other, false otherwise:



b = BigDecimal('1.5')
b > 1              # => true
b > 1.0            # => true
b > Rational(1, 1) # => true
b > 2              # => false



Raises an exception if the comparison cannot be made.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1733



static VALUE
BigDecimal_gt(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, '>');
}


  








  

    #>=(other)  ⇒ Boolean   



  

    

Returns true if self is greater than or equal to other, false otherwise:



b = BigDecimal('1.5')
b >= 1              # => true
b >= 1.0            # => true
b >= Rational(1, 1) # => true
b >= 1.5            # => true
b > 2               # => false



Raises an exception if the comparison cannot be made.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1754



static VALUE
BigDecimal_ge(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    return BigDecimalCmp(self, r, 'G');
}


  








  

    #_dump  ⇒ String   



  

    

Returns a string representing the marshalling of self. See module Marshal.



inf = BigDecimal('Infinity') # => Infinity
dumped = inf._dump           # => "9:Infinity"
BigDecimal._load(dumped)     # => Infinity


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 780



static VALUE
BigDecimal_dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *vp;
    char *psz;
    VALUE dummy;
    volatile VALUE dump;
    size_t len;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &dummy);
    GUARD_OBJ(vp,GetVpValue(self, 1));
    dump = rb_str_new(0, VpNumOfChars(vp, "E")+50);
    psz = RSTRING_PTR(dump);
    snprintf(psz, RSTRING_LEN(dump), "%"PRIuSIZE":", VpMaxPrec(vp)*VpBaseFig());
    len = strlen(psz);
    VpToString(vp, psz+len, RSTRING_LEN(dump)-len, 0, 0);
    rb_str_resize(dump, strlen(psz));
    return dump;
}


  








  

    #abs  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns the BigDecimal absolute value of self:



BigDecimal('5').abs  # => 0.5e1
BigDecimal('-3').abs # => 0.3e1


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2391



static VALUE
BigDecimal_abs(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    size_t mx;

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1);
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpAsgn(c, a, 1);
    VpChangeSign(c, 1);
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #add(value, ndigits)  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns the BigDecimal sum of self and value with a precision of ndigits decimal digits.



When ndigits is less than the number of significant digits in the sum, the sum is rounded to that number of digits, according to the current rounding mode; see .mode.



Examples:



# Set the rounding mode.
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::ROUND_MODE, :half_up)
b = BigDecimal('111111.111')
b.add(1, 0)               # => 0.111112111e6
b.add(1, 3)               # => 0.111e6
b.add(1, 6)               # => 0.111112e6
b.add(1, 15)              # => 0.111112111e6
b.add(1.0, 15)            # => 0.111112111e6
b.add(Rational(1, 1), 15) # => 0.111112111e6


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2290



static VALUE
BigDecimal_add2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
{
    ENTER(2);
    Real *cv;
    SIGNED_VALUE mx = check_int_precision(n);
    if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_add(self, b);
    else {
	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
	VALUE   c = BigDecimal_add(self, b);
	VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
	GUARD_OBJ(cv, GetVpValue(c, 1));
	VpLeftRound(cv, VpGetRoundMode(), mx);
        return VpCheckGetValue(cv);
    }
}


  








  

    #ceil(n)    



  

    

Return the smallest integer greater than or equal to the value, as a BigDecimal.



BigDecimal('3.14159').ceil #=> 4
BigDecimal('-9.1').ceil #=> -9



If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no more than that many digits.



If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the decimal point will be 0 in the result.



BigDecimal('3.14159').ceil(3) #=> 3.142
BigDecimal('13345.234').ceil(-2) #=> 13400.0


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2650



static VALUE
BigDecimal_ceil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    int iLoc;
    VALUE vLoc;
    size_t mx, pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vLoc) == 0) {
	iLoc = 0;
    } else {
	iLoc = NUM2INT(vLoc);
    }

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
    VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_CEIL, iLoc);
    if (argc == 0) {
        return BigDecimal_to_i(VpCheckGetValue(c));
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #clone  
  



  

    

Alias for #dup.


  









  

    #coerce(other)  
  



  

    

The coerce method provides support for Ruby type coercion. It is not enabled by default.



This means that binary operations like + * / or - can often be performed on a BigDecimal and an object of another type, if the other object can be coerced into a BigDecimal value.



e.g.



a = BigDecimal("1.0")
b = a / 2.0 #=> 0.5



Note that coercing a ::String to a BigDecimal is not supported by default; it requires a special compile-time option when building Ruby.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1389



static VALUE
BigDecimal_coerce(VALUE self, VALUE other)
{
    ENTER(2);
    VALUE obj;
    Real *b;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_FLOAT)) {
	GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(other, 0, 1));
        obj = rb_assoc_new(VpCheckGetValue(b), self);
    }
    else {
	if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_RATIONAL)) {
	    Real* pv = DATA_PTR(self);
	    GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValueWithPrec(other, pv->Prec*VpBaseFig(), 1));
	}
	else {
	    GUARD_OBJ(b, GetVpValue(other, 1));
	}
	obj = rb_assoc_new(b->obj, self);
    }

    return obj;
}


  








  

    

      #div(value)  ⇒ Integer 
      #div(value, digits)  ⇒ BigDecimal, Integer 
    

  



  

    

Divide by the specified value.


digits



If specified and less than the number of significant digits of the result, the result is rounded to that number of digits, according to BigDecimal.mode.



If digits is 0, the result is the same as for the / operator or #quo.



If digits is not specified, the result is an integer, by analogy with Float#div; see also BigDecimal#divmod.





See #/. See #quo.



Examples:



a = BigDecimal("4")
b = BigDecimal("3")

a.div(b, 3)  # => 0.133e1

a.div(b, 0)  # => 0.1333333333333333333e1
a / b        # => 0.1333333333333333333e1
a.quo(b)     # => 0.1333333333333333333e1

a.div(b)     # => 1


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2255



static VALUE
BigDecimal_div3(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE b,n;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &b, &n);

    return BigDecimal_div2(self, b, n);
}


  








  

    #divmod(value)    



  

    

Divides by the specified value, and returns the quotient and modulus as BigDecimal numbers. The quotient is rounded towards negative infinity.



For example:



require 'bigdecimal'

a = BigDecimal("42")
b = BigDecimal("9")

q, m = a.divmod(b)

c = q * b + m

a == c  #=> true



The quotient q is (a/b).floor, and the modulus is the amount that must be added to q * b to get a.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2157



static VALUE
BigDecimal_divmod(VALUE self, VALUE r)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *div = NULL, *mod = NULL;

    if (BigDecimal_DoDivmod(self, r, &div, &mod)) {
	SAVE(div); SAVE(mod);
        return rb_assoc_new(VpCheckGetValue(div), VpCheckGetValue(mod));
    }
    return DoSomeOne(self,r,rb_intern("divmod"));
}


  








  

    #dup  
    Also known as: #clone
  

  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3260



static VALUE
BigDecimal_clone(VALUE self)
{
  return self;
}


  








  

    #eql?(r)  
  



  

    

Alias for #==.


  









  

    #exponent  
  



  

    

Returns the exponent of the BigDecimal number, as an ::Integer.



If the number can be represented as 0.xxxxxx*10**n where xxxxxx is a string of digits with no leading zeros, then n is the exponent.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2841



static VALUE
BigDecimal_exponent(VALUE self)
{
    ssize_t e = VpExponent10(GetVpValue(self, 1));
    return SSIZET2NUM(e);
}


  








  

    #fix  
  



  

    

Return the integer part of the number, as a BigDecimal.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2433



static VALUE
BigDecimal_fix(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    size_t mx;

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1);
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_DOWN, 0); /* 0: round off */
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #floor(n)    



  

    

Return the largest integer less than or equal to the value, as a BigDecimal.



BigDecimal('3.14159').floor #=> 3
BigDecimal('-9.1').floor #=> -10



If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no more than that many digits.



If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the decimal point will be 0 in the result.



BigDecimal('3.14159').floor(3) #=> 3.141
BigDecimal('13345.234').floor(-2) #=> 13300.0


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2603



static VALUE
BigDecimal_floor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    int iLoc;
    VALUE vLoc;
    size_t mx, pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vLoc)==0) {
	iLoc = 0;
    }
    else {
	iLoc = NUM2INT(vLoc);
    }

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
    VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_FLOOR, iLoc);
#ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
    VPrint(stderr, "floor: c=%\n", c);
#endif
    if (argc == 0) {
        return BigDecimal_to_i(VpCheckGetValue(c));
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #frac  
  



  

    

Return the fractional part of the number, as a BigDecimal.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2572



static VALUE
BigDecimal_frac(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    size_t mx;

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpFrac(c, a);
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #hash  ⇒ Integer   



  

    

Returns the integer hash value for self.



Two instances of BigDecimal have the same hash value if and only if they have equal:


  • 

    Sign.
    

  • 

    Fractional part.
    

  • 

    Exponent.
    



  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 751



static VALUE
BigDecimal_hash(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(1);
    Real *p;
    st_index_t hash;

    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    hash = (st_index_t)p->sign;
    /* hash!=2: the case for 0(1),NaN(0) or +-Infinity(3) is sign itself */
    if(hash == 2 || hash == (st_index_t)-2) {
        hash ^= rb_memhash(p->frac, sizeof(DECDIG)*p->Prec);
        hash += p->exponent;
    }
    return ST2FIX(hash);
}


  








  

    #inspect  
  



  

    

Returns a string representation of self.



BigDecimal("1234.5678").inspect
  #=> "0.12345678e4"


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2853



static VALUE
BigDecimal_inspect(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *vp;
    volatile VALUE str;
    size_t nc;

    GUARD_OBJ(vp, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    nc = VpNumOfChars(vp, "E");

    str = rb_str_new(0, nc);
    VpToString(vp, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), 0, 0);
    rb_str_resize(str, strlen(RSTRING_PTR(str)));
    return str;
}


  








  

    #modulo  
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #mult(other, ndigits)  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns the BigDecimal product of self and value with a precision of ndigits decimal digits.



When ndigits is less than the number of significant digits in the sum, the sum is rounded to that number of digits, according to the current rounding mode; see .mode.



Examples:



# Set the rounding mode.
BigDecimal.mode(BigDecimal::ROUND_MODE, :half_up)
b = BigDecimal('555555.555')
b.mult(3, 0)              # => 0.1666666665e7
b.mult(3, 3)              # => 0.167e7
b.mult(3, 6)              # => 0.166667e7
b.mult(3, 15)             # => 0.1666666665e7
b.mult(3.0, 0)            # => 0.1666666665e7
b.mult(Rational(3, 1), 0) # => 0.1666666665e7
b.mult(Complex(3, 0), 0)  # => (0.1666666665e7+0.0i)


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2363



static VALUE
BigDecimal_mult2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
{
    ENTER(2);
    Real *cv;
    SIGNED_VALUE mx = check_int_precision(n);
    if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_mult(self, b);
    else {
	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
	VALUE   c = BigDecimal_mult(self, b);
	VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
	GUARD_OBJ(cv, GetVpValue(c, 1));
	VpLeftRound(cv, VpGetRoundMode(), mx);
        return VpCheckGetValue(cv);
    }
}


  








  

    #n_significant_digits  ⇒ Integer   



  

    

Returns the number of decimal significant digits in self.



BigDecimal("0").n_significant_digits         # => 0
BigDecimal("1").n_significant_digits         # => 1
BigDecimal("1.1").n_significant_digits       # => 2
BigDecimal("3.1415").n_significant_digits    # => 5
BigDecimal("-1e20").n_significant_digits     # => 1
BigDecimal("1e-20").n_significant_digits     # => 1
BigDecimal("Infinity").n_significant_digits  # => 0
BigDecimal("-Infinity").n_significant_digits # => 0
BigDecimal("NaN").n_significant_digits       # => 0


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 711



static VALUE
BigDecimal_n_significant_digits(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(1);

    Real *p;
    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    if (VpIsZero(p) || !VpIsDef(p)) {
        return INT2FIX(0);
    }

    ssize_t n = p->Prec;  /* The length of frac without trailing zeros. */
    for (n = p->Prec; n > 0 && p->frac[n-1] == 0; --n);
    if (n == 0) return INT2FIX(0);

    DECDIG x;
    int nlz = BASE_FIG;
    for (x = p->frac[0]; x > 0; x /= 10) --nlz;

    int ntz = 0;
    for (x = p->frac[n-1]; x > 0 && x % 10 == 0; x /= 10) ++ntz;

    ssize_t n_significant_digits = BASE_FIG*n - nlz - ntz;
    return SSIZET2NUM(n_significant_digits);
}


  








  

    

      #power(n)  
      #power(n, prec)  
    

  



  

    

Returns the value raised to the power of n.



Note that n must be an ::Integer.



Also available as the operator **.


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2996



static VALUE
BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    VALUE vexp, prec;
    Real* exp = NULL;
    Real *x, *y;
    ssize_t mp, ma, n;
    SIGNED_VALUE int_exp;
    double d;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &vexp, &prec);

    GUARD_OBJ(x, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    n = NIL_P(prec) ? (ssize_t)(x->Prec*VpBaseFig()) : NUM2SSIZET(prec);

    if (VpIsNaN(x)) {
        y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
        VpSetNaN(y);
        RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
        return VpCheckGetValue(y);
    }

  retry:
    switch (TYPE(vexp)) {
      case T_FIXNUM:
	break;

      case T_BIGNUM:
	break;

      case T_FLOAT:
	d = RFLOAT_VALUE(vexp);
	if (d == round(d)) {
	    if (FIXABLE(d)) {
		vexp = LONG2FIX((long)d);
	    }
	    else {
		vexp = rb_dbl2big(d);
	    }
	    goto retry;
	}
        if (NIL_P(prec)) {
            n += BIGDECIMAL_DOUBLE_FIGURES;
        }
        exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, 0, 1);
	break;

      case T_RATIONAL:
	if (is_zero(rb_rational_num(vexp))) {
	    if (is_positive(vexp)) {
		vexp = INT2FIX(0);
		goto retry;
	    }
	}
	else if (is_one(rb_rational_den(vexp))) {
	    vexp = rb_rational_num(vexp);
	    goto retry;
	}
	exp = GetVpValueWithPrec(vexp, n, 1);
        if (NIL_P(prec)) {
            n += n;
        }
	break;

      case T_DATA:
	if (is_kind_of_BigDecimal(vexp)) {
	    VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
	    VALUE rounded = BigDecimal_round(1, &zero, vexp);
	    if (RTEST(BigDecimal_eq(vexp, rounded))) {
		vexp = BigDecimal_to_i(vexp);
		goto retry;
	    }
            if (NIL_P(prec)) {
                GUARD_OBJ(y, GetVpValue(vexp, 1));
                n += y->Prec*VpBaseFig();
            }
	    exp = DATA_PTR(vexp);
	    break;
	}
	/* fall through */
      default:
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
		 "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected scalar Numeric)",
		 RB_OBJ_CLASSNAME(vexp));
    }

    if (VpIsZero(x)) {
        if (is_negative(vexp)) {
            y = NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, n);
            if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
                if (is_integer(vexp)) {
                    if (is_even(vexp)) {
                        /* (-0) ** (-even_integer)  -> Infinity */
                        VpSetPosInf(y);
                    }
                    else {
                        /* (-0) ** (-odd_integer)  -> -Infinity */
                        VpSetNegInf(y);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    /* (-0) ** (-non_integer)  -> Infinity */
                    VpSetPosInf(y);
                }
            }
            else {
                /* (+0) ** (-num)  -> Infinity */
                VpSetPosInf(y);
            }
            RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
            return VpCheckGetValue(y);
        }
        else if (is_zero(vexp)) {
            return VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, n));
        }
        else {
            return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
        }
    }

    if (is_zero(vexp)) {
        return VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, n));
    }
    else if (is_one(vexp)) {
        return self;
    }

    if (VpIsInf(x)) {
        if (is_negative(vexp)) {
            if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
                if (is_integer(vexp)) {
                    if (is_even(vexp)) {
                        /* (-Infinity) ** (-even_integer) -> +0 */
                        return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
                    }
                    else {
                        /* (-Infinity) ** (-odd_integer) -> -0 */
                        return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
                    }
                }
                else {
                    /* (-Infinity) ** (-non_integer) -> -0 */
                    return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
                }
            }
            else {
                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
            }
        }
        else {
            y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
            if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
                if (is_integer(vexp)) {
                    if (is_even(vexp)) {
                        VpSetPosInf(y);
                    }
                    else {
                        VpSetNegInf(y);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    /* TODO: support complex */
                    rb_raise(rb_eMathDomainError,
                            "a non-integral exponent for a negative base");
                }
            }
            else {
                VpSetPosInf(y);
            }
            return VpCheckGetValue(y);
        }
    }

    if (exp != NULL) {
        return bigdecimal_power_by_bigdecimal(x, exp, n);
    }
    else if (RB_TYPE_P(vexp, T_BIGNUM)) {
        VALUE abs_value = BigDecimal_abs(self);
        if (is_one(abs_value)) {
            return VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, n));
        }
        else if (RTEST(rb_funcall(abs_value, '<', 1, INT2FIX(1)))) {
            if (is_negative(vexp)) {
                y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
                VpSetInf(y, (is_even(vexp) ? 1 : -1) * VpGetSign(x));
                return VpCheckGetValue(y);
            }
            else if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x) && is_even(vexp)) {
                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
            }
            else {
                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
            }
        }
        else {
            if (is_positive(vexp)) {
                y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
                VpSetInf(y, (is_even(vexp) ? 1 : -1) * VpGetSign(x));
                return VpCheckGetValue(y);
            }
            else if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x) && is_even(vexp)) {
                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
            }
            else {
                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
            }
        }
    }

    int_exp = FIX2LONG(vexp);
    ma = int_exp;
    if (ma <  0) ma = -ma;
    if (ma == 0) ma = 1;

    if (VpIsDef(x)) {
        mp = x->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
        GUARD_OBJ(y, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mp * (ma + 1)));
    }
    else {
        GUARD_OBJ(y, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, 1));
    }
    VpPowerByInt(y, x, int_exp);
    if (!NIL_P(prec) && VpIsDef(y)) {
        VpMidRound(y, VpGetRoundMode(), n);
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(y);
}


  








  

    #precision  ⇒ Integer   



  

    

Returns the number of decimal digits in self:



BigDecimal("0").precision         # => 0
BigDecimal("1").precision         # => 1
BigDecimal("1.1").precision       # => 2
BigDecimal("3.1415").precision    # => 5
BigDecimal("-1e20").precision     # => 21
BigDecimal("1e-20").precision     # => 20
BigDecimal("Infinity").precision  # => 0
BigDecimal("-Infinity").precision # => 0
BigDecimal("NaN").precision       # => 0


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 645



static VALUE
BigDecimal_precision(VALUE self)
{
    ssize_t precision;
    BigDecimal_count_precision_and_scale(self, &precision, NULL);
    return SSIZET2NUM(precision);
}


  








  

    #precision_scale  ⇒ Array, Integer   



  

    

Returns a 2-length array; the first item is the result of #precision and the second one is of #scale.



See #precision. See #scale.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 687



static VALUE
BigDecimal_precision_scale(VALUE self)
{
    ssize_t precision, scale;
    BigDecimal_count_precision_and_scale(self, &precision, &scale);
    return rb_assoc_new(SSIZET2NUM(precision), SSIZET2NUM(scale));
}


  








  

    #precs  ⇒ Array   



  

    

Returns an Array of two ::Integer values that represent platform-dependent internal storage properties.



This method is deprecated and will be removed in the future. Instead, use #n_significant_digits for obtaining the number of significant digits in scientific notation, and #precision for obtaining the number of digits in decimal notation.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 498



static VALUE
BigDecimal_prec(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(1);
    Real *p;
    VALUE obj;

    rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED,
                     "BigDecimal#precs is deprecated and will be removed in the future; "
                     "use BigDecimal#precision instead.");

    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    obj = rb_assoc_new(SIZET2NUM(p->Prec*VpBaseFig()),
		       SIZET2NUM(p->MaxPrec*VpBaseFig()));
    return obj;
}


  








  

    

      #quo(value)  ⇒ BigDecimal 
      #quo(value, digits)  ⇒ BigDecimal 
    

  



  

    

Divide by the specified value.


digits



If specified and less than the number of significant digits of the result, the result is rounded to the given number of digits, according to the rounding mode indicated by BigDecimal.mode.



If digits is 0 or omitted, the result is the same as for the / operator.





See #/. See #div.


  





  


  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1910



static VALUE
BigDecimal_quo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE value, digits, result;
    SIGNED_VALUE n = -1;

    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &value, &digits);
    if (argc > 1) {
        n = check_int_precision(digits);
    }

    if (n > 0) {
        result = BigDecimal_div2(self, value, digits);
    }
    else {
        result = BigDecimal_div(self, value);
    }

    return result;
}


  








  

    #remainder  
  

  [ GitHub ]






  

    #round(n, mode)    



  

    

Round to the nearest integer (by default), returning the result as a BigDecimal if n is specified, or as an ::Integer if it isn’t.



BigDecimal('3.14159').round #=> 3
BigDecimal('8.7').round #=> 9
BigDecimal('-9.9').round #=> -10

BigDecimal('3.14159').round(2).class.name #=> "BigDecimal"
BigDecimal('3.14159').round.class.name #=> "Integer"



If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no more than that many digits.



If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the decimal point will be 0 in the result, and return value will be an ::Integer.



BigDecimal('3.14159').round(3) #=> 3.142
BigDecimal('13345.234').round(-2) #=> 13300



The value of the optional mode argument can be used to determine how rounding is performed; see .mode.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2472



static VALUE
BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real   *c, *a;
    int    iLoc = 0;
    VALUE  vLoc;
    VALUE  vRound;
    int    round_to_int = 0;
    size_t mx, pl;

    unsigned short sw = VpGetRoundMode();

    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &vLoc, &vRound)) {
      case 0:
	iLoc = 0;
        round_to_int = 1;
	break;
      case 1:
        if (RB_TYPE_P(vLoc, T_HASH)) {
	    sw = check_rounding_mode_option(vLoc);
	}
	else {
	    iLoc = NUM2INT(vLoc);
            if (iLoc < 1) round_to_int = 1;
	}
	break;
      case 2:
	iLoc = NUM2INT(vLoc);
	if (RB_TYPE_P(vRound, T_HASH)) {
	    sw = check_rounding_mode_option(vRound);
	}
	else {
	    sw = check_rounding_mode(vRound);
	}
	break;
      default:
	break;
    }

    pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
    VpActiveRound(c, a, sw, iLoc);
    if (round_to_int) {
        return BigDecimal_to_i(VpCheckGetValue(c));
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #scale  ⇒ Integer   



  

    

Returns the number of decimal digits following the decimal digits in self.



BigDecimal("0").scale         # => 0
BigDecimal("1").scale         # => 0
BigDecimal("1.1").scale       # => 1
BigDecimal("3.1415").scale    # => 4
BigDecimal("-1e20").precision # => 0
BigDecimal("1e-20").precision # => 20
BigDecimal("Infinity").scale  # => 0
BigDecimal("-Infinity").scale # => 0
BigDecimal("NaN").scale       # => 0


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 669



static VALUE
BigDecimal_scale(VALUE self)
{
    ssize_t scale;
    BigDecimal_count_precision_and_scale(self, NULL, &scale);
    return SSIZET2NUM(scale);
}


  








  

    #sign  
  



  

    

Returns the sign of the value.



Returns a positive value if > 0, a negative value if < 0. It behaves the same with zeros - it returns a positive value for a positive zero (BigDecimal(‘0’)) and a negative value for a negative zero (BigDecimal(‘-0’)).



The specific value returned indicates the type and sign of the BigDecimal, as follows:


BigDecimal::SIGN_NaN



value is Not a Number


BigDecimal::SIGN_POSITIVE_ZERO



value is +0


BigDecimal::SIGN_NEGATIVE_ZERO



value is -0


BigDecimal::SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE



value is +Infinity


BigDecimal::SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE



value is -Infinity


BigDecimal::SIGN_POSITIVE_FINITE



value is positive


BigDecimal::SIGN_NEGATIVE_FINITE



value is negative




  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 3820



static VALUE
BigDecimal_sign(VALUE self)
{ /* sign */
    int s = GetVpValue(self, 1)->sign;
    return INT2FIX(s);
}


  








  

    #split  
  



  

    

Splits a BigDecimal number into four parts, returned as an array of values.



The first value represents the sign of the BigDecimal, and is -1 or 1, or 0 if the BigDecimal is Not a Number.



The second value is a string representing the significant digits of the BigDecimal, with no leading zeros.



The third value is the base used for arithmetic (currently always 10) as an ::Integer.



The fourth value is an ::Integer exponent.



If the BigDecimal can be represented as 0.xxxxxx*10**n, then xxxxxx is the string of significant digits with no leading zeros, and n is the exponent.



From these values, you can translate a BigDecimal to a float as follows:



sign, significant_digits, base, exponent = a.split
f = sign * "0.#{significant_digits}".to_f * (base ** exponent)



(Note that the to_f method is provided as a more convenient way to translate a BigDecimal to a ::Float.)


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2804



static VALUE
BigDecimal_split(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *vp;
    VALUE obj,str;
    ssize_t e, s;
    char *psz1;

    GUARD_OBJ(vp, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    str = rb_str_new(0, VpNumOfChars(vp, "E"));
    psz1 = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    VpSzMantissa(vp, psz1, RSTRING_LEN(str));
    s = 1;
    if(psz1[0] == '-') {
	size_t len = strlen(psz1 + 1);

	memmove(psz1, psz1 + 1, len);
	psz1[len] = '\0';
        s = -1;
    }
    if (psz1[0] == 'N') s = 0; /* NaN */
    e = VpExponent10(vp);
    obj = rb_ary_new2(4);
    rb_ary_push(obj, INT2FIX(s));
    rb_ary_push(obj, str);
    rb_str_resize(str, strlen(psz1));
    rb_ary_push(obj, INT2FIX(10));
    rb_ary_push(obj, SSIZET2NUM(e));
    return obj;
}


  








  

    #sqrt(n)    



  

    

Returns the square root of the value.



Result has at least n significant digits.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2413



static VALUE
BigDecimal_sqrt(VALUE self, VALUE nFig)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    size_t mx, n;

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);

    n = check_int_precision(nFig);
    n += VpDblFig() + VpBaseFig();
    if (mx <= n) mx = n;
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpSqrt(c, a);
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}


  








  

    #sub(value, digits)  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Subtract the specified value.



e.g.



c = a.sub(b,n)


digits



If specified and less than the number of significant digits of the result, the result is rounded to that number of digits, according to BigDecimal.mode.




  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2320



static VALUE
BigDecimal_sub2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
{
    ENTER(2);
    Real *cv;
    SIGNED_VALUE mx = check_int_precision(n);
    if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_sub(self, b);
    else {
	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
	VALUE   c = BigDecimal_sub(self, b);
	VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
	GUARD_OBJ(cv, GetVpValue(c, 1));
	VpLeftRound(cv, VpGetRoundMode(), mx);
        return VpCheckGetValue(cv);
    }
}


  








  

    #to_d  ⇒ BigDecimal   



  

    

Returns self.



require 'bigdecimal/util'

d = BigDecimal("3.14")
d.to_d                       # => 0.314e1


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb', line 110



def to_d
  self
end


  








  

    #to_digits  ⇒ String   



  

    

Converts a BigDecimal to a ::String of the form “nnnnnn.mmm”. This method is deprecated; use #to_s(“F”) instead.



require 'bigdecimal/util'

d = BigDecimal("3.14")
d.to_digits                  # => "3.14"


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb', line 90



def to_digits
  if self.nan? || self.infinite? || self.zero?
    self.to_s
  else
    i       = self.to_i.to_s
    _,f,_,z = self.frac.split
    i + "." + ("0"*(-z)) + f
  end
end


  








  

    #to_f  
  



  

    

Returns a new ::Float object having approximately the same value as the BigDecimal number. Normal accuracy limits and built-in errors of binary ::Float arithmetic apply.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1296



static VALUE
BigDecimal_to_f(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(1);
    Real *p;
    double d;
    SIGNED_VALUE e;
    char *buf;
    volatile VALUE str;

    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    if (VpVtoD(&d, &e, p) != 1)
	return rb_float_new(d);
    if (e > (SIGNED_VALUE)(DBL_MAX_10_EXP+BASE_FIG))
	goto overflow;
    if (e < (SIGNED_VALUE)(DBL_MIN_10_EXP-BASE_FIG))
	goto underflow;

    str = rb_str_new(0, VpNumOfChars(p, "E"));
    buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    VpToString(p, buf, RSTRING_LEN(str), 0, 0);
    errno = 0;
    d = strtod(buf, 0);
    if (errno == ERANGE) {
	if (d == 0.0) goto underflow;
	if (fabs(d) >= HUGE_VAL) goto overflow;
    }
    return rb_float_new(d);

overflow:
    VpException(VP_EXCEPTION_OVERFLOW, "BigDecimal to Float conversion", 0);
    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(p))
	return rb_float_new(VpGetDoubleNegInf());
    else
	return rb_float_new(VpGetDoublePosInf());

underflow:
    VpException(VP_EXCEPTION_UNDERFLOW, "BigDecimal to Float conversion", 0);
    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(p))
	return rb_float_new(-0.0);
    else
	return rb_float_new(0.0);
}


  








  

    #to_i  
    Also known as: #to_int
  



  

    

Returns the value as an ::Integer.



If the BigDecimal is infinity or NaN, raises FloatDomainError.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1249



static VALUE
BigDecimal_to_i(VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    ssize_t e, nf;
    Real *p;

    GUARD_OBJ(p, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    BigDecimal_check_num(p);

    e = VpExponent10(p);
    if (e <= 0) return INT2FIX(0);
    nf = VpBaseFig();
    if (e <= nf) {
        return LONG2NUM((long)(VpGetSign(p) * (DECDIG_DBL_SIGNED)p->frac[0]));
    }
    else {
	VALUE a = BigDecimal_split(self);
	VALUE digits = RARRAY_AREF(a, 1);
	VALUE numerator = rb_funcall(digits, rb_intern("to_i"), 0);
	VALUE ret;
	ssize_t dpower = e - (ssize_t)RSTRING_LEN(digits);

	if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(p)) {
	    numerator = rb_funcall(numerator, '*', 1, INT2FIX(-1));
	}
	if (dpower < 0) {
	    ret = rb_funcall(numerator, rb_intern("div"), 1,
			      rb_funcall(INT2FIX(10), rb_intern("**"), 1,
					 INT2FIX(-dpower)));
	}
	else {
	    ret = rb_funcall(numerator, '*', 1,
			     rb_funcall(INT2FIX(10), rb_intern("**"), 1,
					INT2FIX(dpower)));
	}
	if (RB_TYPE_P(ret, T_FLOAT)) {
	    rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "Infinity");
	}
	return ret;
    }
}


  








  

    #to_int  
  



  

    

Alias for #to_i.


  









  

    #to_r  
  



  

    

Converts a BigDecimal to a ::Rational.


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 1343



static VALUE
BigDecimal_to_r(VALUE self)
{
    Real *p;
    ssize_t sign, power, denomi_power;
    VALUE a, digits, numerator;

    p = GetVpValue(self, 1);
    BigDecimal_check_num(p);

    sign = VpGetSign(p);
    power = VpExponent10(p);
    a = BigDecimal_split(self);
    digits = RARRAY_AREF(a, 1);
    denomi_power = power - RSTRING_LEN(digits);
    numerator = rb_funcall(digits, rb_intern("to_i"), 0);

    if (sign < 0) {
	numerator = rb_funcall(numerator, '*', 1, INT2FIX(-1));
    }
    if (denomi_power < 0) {
	return rb_Rational(numerator,
			   rb_funcall(INT2FIX(10), rb_intern("**"), 1,
				      INT2FIX(-denomi_power)));
    }
    else {
	return rb_Rational1(rb_funcall(numerator, '*', 1,
				       rb_funcall(INT2FIX(10), rb_intern("**"), 1,
						  INT2FIX(denomi_power))));
    }
}


  








  

    #to_s(s)  ⇒ ?   



  

    

Converts the value to a string.



The default format looks like  0.xxxxEnn.



The optional parameter s consists of either an integer; or an optional ‘+’ or ‘ ’, followed by an optional number, followed by an optional ‘E’ or ‘F’.



If there is a ‘+’ at the start of s, positive values are returned with a leading ‘+’.



A space at the start of s returns positive values with a leading space.



If s contains a number, a space is inserted after each group of that many digits, starting from ‘.’ and counting outwards.



If s ends with an ‘E’, engineering notation (0.xxxxEnn) is used.



If s ends with an ‘F’, conventional floating point notation is used.



Examples:



BigDecimal('-1234567890123.45678901234567890').to_s('5F')
  #=> '-123 45678 90123.45678 90123 45678 9'

BigDecimal('1234567890123.45678901234567890').to_s('+8F')
  #=> '+12345 67890123.45678901 23456789'

BigDecimal('1234567890123.45678901234567890').to_s(' F')
  #=> ' 1234567890123.4567890123456789'


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2709



static VALUE
BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    int   fmt = 0;   /* 0: E format, 1: F format */
    int   fPlus = 0; /* 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
    Real  *vp;
    volatile VALUE str;
    char  *psz;
    char   ch;
    size_t nc, mc = 0;
    SIGNED_VALUE m;
    VALUE  f;

    GUARD_OBJ(vp, GetVpValue(self, 1));

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &f) == 1) {
	if (RB_TYPE_P(f, T_STRING)) {
	    psz = StringValueCStr(f);
	    if (*psz == ' ') {
		fPlus = 1;
		psz++;
	    }
	    else if (*psz == '+') {
		fPlus = 2;
		psz++;
	    }
	    while ((ch = *psz++) != 0) {
		if (ISSPACE(ch)) {
		    continue;
		}
		if (!ISDIGIT(ch)) {
		    if (ch == 'F' || ch == 'f') {
			fmt = 1; /* F format */
		    }
		    break;
		}
		mc = mc*10 + ch - '0';
	    }
	}
	else {
	    m = NUM2INT(f);
	    if (m <= 0) {
		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument must be positive");
	    }
	    mc = (size_t)m;
	}
    }
    if (fmt) {
	nc = VpNumOfChars(vp, "F");
    }
    else {
	nc = VpNumOfChars(vp, "E");
    }
    if (mc > 0) {
	nc += (nc + mc - 1) / mc + 1;
    }

    str = rb_usascii_str_new(0, nc);
    psz = RSTRING_PTR(str);

    if (fmt) {
	VpToFString(vp, psz, RSTRING_LEN(str), mc, fPlus);
    }
    else {
	VpToString (vp, psz, RSTRING_LEN(str), mc, fPlus);
    }
    rb_str_resize(str, strlen(psz));
    return str;
}


  








  

    #truncate(n)    



  

    

Truncate to the nearest integer (by default), returning the result as a BigDecimal.



BigDecimal('3.14159').truncate #=> 3
BigDecimal('8.7').truncate #=> 8
BigDecimal('-9.9').truncate #=> -9



If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no more than that many digits.



If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the decimal point will be 0 in the result.



BigDecimal('3.14159').truncate(3) #=> 3.141
BigDecimal('13345.234').truncate(-2) #=> 13300.0


  



  [ GitHub ]


  

  


# File 'ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c', line 2543



static VALUE
BigDecimal_truncate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    ENTER(5);
    Real *c, *a;
    int iLoc;
    VALUE vLoc;
    size_t mx, pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vLoc) == 0) {
	iLoc = 0;
    }
    else {
	iLoc = NUM2INT(vLoc);
    }

    GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
    mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
    VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
    VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_DOWN, iLoc); /* 0: truncate */
    if (argc == 0) {
        return BigDecimal_to_i(VpCheckGetValue(c));
    }
    return VpCheckGetValue(c);
}