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Installing Rails Core Development Dependencies

This guide covers how to set up an environment for Ruby on Rails core development.

After reading this guide, you will know:

How to set up your machine for Rails development

Other Ways to Set Up Your Environment

If you don't want to set up Rails for development on your local machine, you can use Codespaces, the VS Code Remote Plugin, or rails-dev-box. Learn more about these options here.

Local Development

If you want to develop Ruby on Rails locally on your machine, see the steps below.

Install Git

Ruby on Rails uses Git for source code control. The Git homepage has installation instructions. There are a variety of resources online that will help you get familiar with Git.

Clone the Ruby on Rails Repository

Navigate to the folder where you want to download the Ruby on Rails source code (it will create its own rails subdirectory) and run:

$ git clone https://github.com/rails/rails.git
$ cd rails

Install Additional Tools and Services

Some Rails tests depend on additional tools that you need to install before running those specific tests.

Here's the list of each gems' additional dependencies:

Action Cable depends on Redis
Active Record depends on SQLite3, MySQL and PostgreSQL
Active Storage depends on Yarn (additionally Yarn depends on Node.js), ImageMagick, libvips, FFmpeg, muPDF, Poppler, and on macOS also XQuartz.
Active Support depends on memcached and Redis
Railties depend on a JavaScript runtime environment, such as having Node.js installed.

Install all the services you need to properly test the full gem you'll be making changes to. How to install these services for macOS, Ubuntu, Fedora/CentOS, Arch Linux, and FreeBSD are detailed below.

NOTE: Redis' documentation discourages installations with package managers as those are usually outdated. Installing from source and bringing the server up is straight forward and well documented on Redis' documentation.

NOTE: Active Record tests must pass for at least MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite3. Your patch will be rejected if tested against a single adapter, unless the change and tests are adapter specific.

Below you can find instructions on how to install all of the additional tools for different operating systems.

macOS

On macOS you can use Homebrew to install all of the additional tools.

To install all run:

$ brew bundle

You'll also need to start each of the installed services. To list all available services run:

$ brew services list

You can then start each of the services one by one like this:

$ brew services start mysql

Replace mysql with the name of the service you want to start.

Potential Issues

This section details some of the potential issues you may run into with native extensions on macOS, particularly when bundling the mysql2 gem in local development. This documentation is subject to change and may be incorrect as Apple makes changes to the developer environment on Rails.

In order to compile the mysql2 gem on macOS you will need the following:

openssl@1.1 installed (not openssl@3)
Ruby compiled with openssl@1.1
Set compiler flags in the bundle config for mysql2.

If both openssl@1.1 and openssl@3 are installed, you will need to tell Ruby to use openssl@1.1 in order for Rails to bundle mysql2.

In your .bash_profile set the PATH and RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS to point to openssl@1.1:

export PATH="/usr/local/opt/openssl@1.1/bin:$PATH"
export RUBY_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl@1.1)"

In your ~/.bundle/config set the following for mysql2. Be sure to delete any other entries for BUNDLE_BUILD__MYSQL2:

BUNDLE_BUILD__MYSQL2: "--with-ldflags=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl@1.1/lib --with-cppflags=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl@1.1/include"

By setting these flags before installing Ruby and bundling Rails, you should be able to get your local macOS development environment working.

Ubuntu

To install all run:

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev mysql-server libmysqlclient-dev postgresql postgresql-client postgresql-contrib libpq-dev redis-server memcached imagemagick ffmpeg mupdf mupdf-tools libxml2-dev libvips42 poppler-utils

# Install Yarn
# Use this command if you do not have Node.js installed
# ref: https://github.com/nodesource/distributions#installation-instructions
$ sudo mkdir -p /etc/apt/keyrings
$ curl --fail --silent --show-error --location https://deb.nodesource.com/gpgkey/nodesource-repo.gpg.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/nodesource.gpg
$ echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/nodesource.gpg] https://deb.nodesource.com/node_20.x nodistro main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nodesource.list
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install -y nodejs

# Once you have installed Node.js, install the yarn npm package
$ sudo npm install --global yarn

Fedora or CentOS

To install all run:

$ sudo dnf install sqlite-devel sqlite-libs mysql-server mysql-devel postgresql-server postgresql-devel redis memcached ImageMagick ffmpeg mupdf libxml2-devel vips poppler-utils

# Install Yarn
# Use this command if you do not have Node.js installed
# ref: https://github.com/nodesource/distributions#installation-instructions-1
$ sudo dnf install https://rpm.nodesource.com/pub_20/nodistro/repo/nodesource-release-nodistro-1.noarch.rpm -y
$ sudo dnf install nodejs -y --setopt=nodesource-nodejs.module_hotfixes=1

# Once you have installed Node.js, install the yarn npm package
$ sudo npm install --global yarn

Arch Linux

To install all run:

$ sudo pacman -S sqlite mariadb libmariadbclient mariadb-clients postgresql postgresql-libs redis memcached imagemagick ffmpeg mupdf mupdf-tools poppler yarn libxml2 libvips poppler
$ sudo mariadb-install-db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql
$ sudo systemctl start redis mariadb memcached

NOTE: If you are running Arch Linux, MySQL isn't supported anymore so you will need to use MariaDB instead (see this announcement).

FreeBSD

To install all run:

$ sudo pkg install sqlite3 mysql80-client mysql80-server postgresql11-client postgresql11-server memcached imagemagick6 ffmpeg mupdf yarn libxml2 vips poppler-utils
# portmaster databases/redis

Or install everything through ports (these packages are located under the databases folder).

NOTE: If you run into problems during the installation of MySQL, please see the MySQL documentation.

Debian

To install all dependencies run:

$ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev default-mysql-server default-libmysqlclient-dev postgresql postgresql-client postgresql-contrib libpq-dev redis-server memcached imagemagick ffmpeg mupdf mupdf-tools libxml2-dev libvips42 poppler-utils

NOTE: If you are running Debian, MariaDB is the default MySQL server, so be aware there may be differences.

Database Configuration

There are couple of additional steps required to configure database engines required for running Active Record tests.

PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. To set up the development environment with your development account, on Linux or BSD, you just have to run:

$ sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER

and for macOS:

$ createuser --superuser $USER

NOTE: MySQL will create the users when the databases are created. The task assumes your user is root with no password.

Then, you need to create the test databases for both MySQL and PostgreSQL with:

$ cd activerecord
$ bundle exec rake db:create

You can also create test databases for each database engine separately:

$ cd activerecord
$ bundle exec rake db:mysql:build
$ bundle exec rake db:postgresql:build

and you can drop the databases using:

$ cd activerecord
$ bundle exec rake db:drop

NOTE: Using the Rake task to create the test databases ensures they have the correct character set and collation.

If you're using another database, check the file activerecord/test/config.yml or activerecord/test/config.example.yml for default connection information. You can edit activerecord/test/config.yml to provide different credentials on your machine, but you should not push any of those changes back to Rails.

Install JavaScript Dependencies

If you installed Yarn, you will need to install the JavaScript dependencies:

$ yarn install

Installing Gem Dependencies

Gems are installed with Bundler which ships by default with Ruby.

To install the Gemfile for Rails run:

$ bundle install

If you don't need to run Active Record tests, you can run:

$ bundle install --without db

Contribute to Rails

After you've set up everything, read how you can start contributing.