Module: ActiveRecord::Persistence::ClassMethods
Relationships & Source Files | |
Defined in: | activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb |
Instance Method Summary
-
#build(attributes = nil, &block)
Builds an object (or multiple objects) and returns either the built object or a list of built objects.
-
#create(attributes = nil, &block)
Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
-
#create!(attributes = nil, &block)
Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
-
#delete(id_or_array)
Deletes the row with a primary key matching the
id
argument, using an SQLDELETE
statement, and returns the number of rows deleted. -
#destroy(id)
Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id.
-
#insert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement.
-
#insert!(attributes, returning: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement.
-
#insert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement.
-
#insert_all!(attributes, returning: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement.
-
#instantiate(attributes, column_types = {}, &block)
Given an attributes hash, #instantiate returns a new instance of the appropriate class.
-
#query_constraints(*columns_list)
Accepts a list of attribute names to be used in the WHERE clause of SELECT / UPDATE / DELETE queries and in the ORDER BY clause for
#first
and#last
finder methods. -
#update(id = :all, attributes)
Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
- #update!(id = :all, attributes)
-
#upsert(attributes, **kwargs)
Updates or inserts (upserts) a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement.
-
#upsert_all(attributes, on_duplicate: :update, update_only: nil, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Updates or inserts (upserts) multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement.
Instance Method Details
#build(attributes = nil, &block)
Builds an object (or multiple objects) and returns either the built object or a list of built objects.
The attributes
parameter can be either a ::Hash
or an ::Array
of Hashes. These Hashes describe the attributes on the objects that are to be built.
Examples
# Build a single new object
User.build(first_name: 'Jamie')
# Build an Array of new objects
User.build([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }])
# Build a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
User.build(first_name: 'Jamie') do |u|
u.is_admin = false
end
# Building an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
User.build([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
u.is_admin = false
end
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 82
def build(attributes = nil, &block) if attributes.is_a?(Array) attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr, &block) } else new(attributes, &block) end end
#create(attributes = nil, &block)
Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
The attributes
parameter can be either a ::Hash
or an ::Array
of Hashes. These Hashes describe the attributes on the objects that are to be created.
Examples
# Create a single new object
User.create(first_name: 'Jamie')
# Create an Array of new objects
User.create([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }])
# Create a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
User.create(first_name: 'Jamie') do |u|
u.is_admin = false
end
# Creating an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
User.create([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
u.is_admin = false
end
#create!(attributes = nil, &block)
Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. Raises a ::ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
error if validations fail, unlike Base#create
.
The attributes
parameter can be either a ::Hash
or an ::Array
of Hashes. These describe which attributes to be created on the object, or multiple objects when given an ::Array
of Hashes.
#delete(id_or_array)
Deletes the row with a primary key matching the id
argument, using an SQL DELETE
statement, and returns the number of rows deleted. Active Record objects are not instantiated, so the object’s callbacks are not executed, including any :dependent
association options.
You can delete multiple rows at once by passing an ::Array
of id
s.
Note: Although it is often much faster than the alternative, #destroy, skipping callbacks might bypass business logic in your application that ensures referential integrity or performs other essential jobs.
Examples
# Delete a single row
Todo.delete(1)
# Delete multiple rows
Todo.delete([2,3,4])
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 565
def delete(id_or_array) delete_by(primary_key => id_or_array) end
#destroy(id)
Destroy an object (or multiple objects) that has the given id. The object is instantiated first, therefore all callbacks and filters are fired off before the object is deleted. This method is less efficient than #delete but allows cleanup methods and other actions to be run.
This essentially finds the object (or multiple objects) with the given id, creates a new object from the attributes, and then calls destroy on it.
Parameters
-
id
- This should be the id or an array of ids to be destroyed.
Examples
# Destroy a single object
Todo.destroy(1)
# Destroy multiple objects
todos = [1,2,3]
Todo.destroy(todos)
#insert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values go through Active Record’s type casting and serialization.
See #insert_all for documentation.
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 96
def insert(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil) insert_all([ attributes ], returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by, record_timestamps: ) end
#insert!(attributes, returning: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values go through Active Record’s type casting and serialization.
See #insert_all! for more.
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 185
def insert!(attributes, returning: nil, record_timestamps: nil) insert_all!([ attributes ], returning: returning, record_timestamps: ) end
#insert_all(attributes, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values go through Active Record’s type casting and serialization.
The attributes
parameter is an ::Array
of Hashes. Every Hash determines the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
Rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped. Override with :unique_by
(see below).
Returns an ::ActiveRecord::Result
with its contents based on :returning
(see below).
Options
- :returning
-
(PostgreSQL and SQLite3 only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully inserted records, which by default is the primary key. Pass
returning: %w[ id name ]
for both id and name orreturning: false
to omit the underlyingRETURNING
SQL clause entirely.You can also pass an SQL string if you need more control on the return values (for example,
returning: Arel.sql("id, name as new_name")
). - :unique_by
-
(PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
To skip rows according to just one unique index pass
:unique_by
.Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index, ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique is raised.
Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
unique_by: :isbn unique_by: %i[ author_id name ] unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
- :record_timestamps
-
By default, automatic setting of timestamp columns is controlled by the model’s
record_timestamps
config, matching typical behavior.To override this and force automatic setting of timestamp columns one way or the other, pass
:record_timestamps
:: true # Always set timestamps automatically : false # Never set timestamps automatically
Because it relies on the index information from the database :unique_by
is recommended to be paired with Active Record’s schema_cache.
Example
# Insert records and skip inserting any duplicates.
# Here "Eloquent Ruby" is skipped because its id is not unique.
Book.insert_all([
{ id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
{ id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
])
# insert_all works on chained scopes, and you can use create_with
# to set default attributes for all inserted records.
.books.create_with(created_at: Time.now).insert_all([
{ id: 1, title: "Rework" },
{ id: 2, title: "Eloquent Ruby" }
])
#insert_all!(attributes, returning: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Inserts multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values go through Active Record’s type casting and serialization.
The attributes
parameter is an ::Array
of Hashes. Every Hash determines the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
Raises ::ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
if any rows violate a unique index on the table. In that case, no rows are inserted.
To skip duplicate rows, see #insert_all. To replace them, see #upsert_all.
Returns an ::ActiveRecord::Result
with its contents based on :returning
(see below).
Options
- :returning
-
(PostgreSQL and SQLite3 only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully inserted records, which by default is the primary key. Pass
returning: %w[ id name ]
for both id and name orreturning: false
to omit the underlyingRETURNING
SQL clause entirely.You can also pass an SQL string if you need more control on the return values (for example,
returning: Arel.sql("id, name as new_name")
). - :record_timestamps
-
By default, automatic setting of timestamp columns is controlled by the model’s
record_timestamps
config, matching typical behavior.To override this and force automatic setting of timestamp columns one way or the other, pass
:record_timestamps
:: true # Always set timestamps automatically : false # Never set timestamps automatically
Examples
# Insert multiple records
Book.insert_all!([
{ title: "Rework", author: "David" },
{ title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
])
# Raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique because "Eloquent Ruby"
# does not have a unique id.
Book.insert_all!([
{ id: 1, title: "Rework", author: "David" },
{ id: 1, title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ" }
])
#instantiate(attributes, column_types = {}, &block)
Given an attributes hash, instantiate
returns a new instance of the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.
For example, Post.all
may return Comments, Messages, and Emails by storing the record’s subclass in a type
attribute. By calling instantiate
instead of new
, finder methods ensure they get new instances of the appropriate class for each record.
See ActiveRecord::Inheritance#discriminate_class_for_record
to see how this “single-table” inheritance mapping is implemented.
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 376
def instantiate(attributes, column_types = {}, &block) klass = discriminate_class_for_record(attributes) instantiate_instance_of(klass, attributes, column_types, &block) end
#query_constraints(*columns_list)
Accepts a list of attribute names to be used in the WHERE clause of SELECT / UPDATE / DELETE queries and in the ORDER BY clause for #first
and #last
finder methods.
class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
query_constraints :company_id, :id
end
developer = Developer.first
# SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" ORDER BY "developers"."company_id" ASC, "developers"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
developer.inspect # => #<Developer id: 1, company_id: 1, ...>
developer.update!(name: "Nikita")
# UPDATE "developers" SET "name" = 'Nikita' WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
# It is possible to update an attribute used in the query_constraints clause:
developer.update!(company_id: 2)
# UPDATE "developers" SET "company_id" = 2 WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
developer.name = "Bob"
developer.save!
# UPDATE "developers" SET "name" = 'Bob' WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
developer.destroy!
# DELETE FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
developer.delete
# DELETE FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1
developer.reload
# SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1 LIMIT 1
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 488
def query_constraints(*columns_list) raise ArgumentError, "You must specify at least one column to be used in querying" if columns_list.empty? @query_constraints_list = columns_list.map(&:to_s) @has_query_constraints = @query_constraints_list end
#update(id = :all, attributes)
Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
Parameters
-
id
- This should be the id or an array of ids to be updated. Optional argument, defaults to all records in the relation. -
attributes
- This should be a hash of attributes or an array of hashes.
Examples
# Updates one record
Person.update(15, user_name: "Samuel", group: "expert")
# Updates multiple records
people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy" } }
Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
# Updates multiple records from the result of a relation
people = Person.where(group: "expert")
people.update(group: "masters")
Note: Updating a large number of records will run an UPDATE query for each record, which may cause a performance issue. When running callbacks is not needed for each record update, it is preferred to use update_all for updating all records in a single query.
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 408
def update(id = :all, attributes) if id.is_a?(Array) if id.any?(ActiveRecord::Base) raise ArgumentError, "You are passing an array of ActiveRecord::Base instances to `update`. " \ "Please pass the ids of the objects by calling `pluck(:id)` or `map(&:id)`." end id.map { |one_id| find(one_id) }.each_with_index { |object, idx| object.update(attributes[idx]) } elsif id == :all all.each { |record| record.update(attributes) } else if ActiveRecord::Base === id raise ArgumentError, "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `update`. " \ "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`." end object = find(id) object.update(attributes) object end end
#update!(id = :all, attributes)
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 434
def update!(id = :all, attributes) if id.is_a?(Array) if id.any?(ActiveRecord::Base) raise ArgumentError, "You are passing an array of ActiveRecord::Base instances to `update!`. " \ "Please pass the ids of the objects by calling `pluck(:id)` or `map(&:id)`." end id.map { |one_id| find(one_id) }.each_with_index { |object, idx| object.update!(attributes[idx]) } elsif id == :all all.each { |record| record.update!(attributes) } else if ActiveRecord::Base === id raise ArgumentError, "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `update!`. " \ "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`." end object = find(id) object.update!(attributes) object end end
#upsert(attributes, **kwargs)
Updates or inserts (upserts) a single record into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values go through Active Record’s type casting and serialization.
See #upsert_all for documentation.
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 252
def upsert(attributes, **kwargs) upsert_all([ attributes ], **kwargs) end
#upsert_all(attributes, on_duplicate: :update, update_only: nil, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil)
Updates or inserts (upserts) multiple records into the database in a single SQL INSERT statement. It does not instantiate any models nor does it trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Though passed values go through Active Record’s type casting and serialization.
The attributes
parameter is an ::Array
of Hashes. Every Hash determines the attributes for a single row and must have the same keys.
Returns an ::ActiveRecord::Result
with its contents based on :returning
(see below).
By default, upsert_all
will update all the columns that can be updated when there is a conflict. These are all the columns except primary keys, read-only columns, and columns covered by the optional unique_by
.
Options
- :returning
-
(PostgreSQL and SQLite3 only) An array of attributes to return for all successfully inserted records, which by default is the primary key. Pass
returning: %w[ id name ]
for both id and name orreturning: false
to omit the underlyingRETURNING
SQL clause entirely.You can also pass an SQL string if you need more control on the return values (for example,
returning: Arel.sql("id, name as new_name")
). - :unique_by
-
(PostgreSQL and SQLite only) By default rows are considered to be unique by every unique index on the table. Any duplicate rows are skipped.
To skip rows according to just one unique index pass
:unique_by
.Consider a Book model where no duplicate ISBNs make sense, but if any row has an existing id, or is not unique by another unique index, ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique is raised.
Unique indexes can be identified by columns or name:
unique_by: :isbn unique_by: %i[ author_id name ] unique_by: :index_books_on_isbn
Because it relies on the index information from the database :unique_by
is recommended to be paired with Active Record’s schema_cache.
- :on_duplicate
-
Configure the SQL update sentence that will be used in case of conflict.
NOTE: If you use this option you must provide all the columns you want to update by yourself.
Example:
Commodity.upsert_all( [ { id: 2, name: "Copper", price: 4.84 }, { id: 4, name: "Gold", price: 1380.87 }, { id: 6, name: "Aluminium", price: 0.35 } ], on_duplicate: Arel.sql("price = GREATEST(commodities.price, EXCLUDED.price)") )
See the related
:update_only
option. Both options can’t be used at the same time. - :update_only
-
Provide a list of column names that will be updated in case of conflict. If not provided,
upsert_all
will update all the columns that can be updated. These are all the columns except primary keys, read-only columns, and columns covered by the optionalunique_by
Example:
Commodity.upsert_all( [ { id: 2, name: "Copper", price: 4.84 }, { id: 4, name: "Gold", price: 1380.87 }, { id: 6, name: "Aluminium", price: 0.35 } ], update_only: [:price] # Only prices will be updated )
See the related
:on_duplicate
option. Both options can’t be used at the same time. - :record_timestamps
-
By default, automatic setting of timestamp columns is controlled by the model’s
record_timestamps
config, matching typical behavior.To override this and force automatic setting of timestamp columns one way or the other, pass
:record_timestamps
:: true # Always set timestamps automatically : false # Never set timestamps automatically
Examples
# Inserts multiple records, performing an upsert when records have duplicate ISBNs.
# Here "Eloquent Ruby" overwrites "Rework" because its ISBN is duplicate.
Book.upsert_all([
{ title: "Rework", author: "David", isbn: "1" },
{ title: "Eloquent Ruby", author: "Russ", isbn: "1" }
], unique_by: :isbn)
Book.find_by(isbn: "1").title # => "Eloquent Ruby"
# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 362
def upsert_all(attributes, on_duplicate: :update, update_only: nil, returning: nil, unique_by: nil, record_timestamps: nil) InsertAll.new(self, attributes, on_duplicate: on_duplicate, update_only: update_only, returning: returning, unique_by: unique_by, record_timestamps: ).execute end