Module: ActiveRecord::Persistence::ClassMethods

Relationships & Source Files
Defined in:	activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb

Instance Method Summary

#build(attributes = nil, &block)

Builds an object (or multiple objects) and returns either the built object or a list of built objects.
#create(attributes = nil, &block)

Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
#create!(attributes = nil, &block)

Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
#instantiate(attributes, column_types = {}, &block)

Given an attributes hash, #instantiate returns a new instance of the appropriate class.
#query_constraints(*columns_list)

Accepts a list of attribute names to be used in the WHERE clause of SELECT / UPDATE / DELETE queries and in the ORDER BY clause for #first and #last finder methods.
#update(id = :all, attributes)

Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
#update!(id = :all, attributes)

Updates the object (or multiple objects) just like #update but calls #update! instead of #update, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid and saving will fail.

Instance Method Details

#build(attributes = nil, &block)

Builds an object (or multiple objects) and returns either the built object or a list of built objects.

The attributes parameter can be either a ::Hash or an ::Array of Hashes. These Hashes describe the attributes on the objects that are to be built.

Examples

# Build a single new object
User.build(first_name: 'Jamie')

# Build an Array of new objects
User.build([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }])

# Build a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
User.build(first_name: 'Jamie') do |u|
  u.is_admin = false
end

# Building an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
User.build([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
  u.is_admin = false
end

[ GitHub ]

# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 82


def build(attributes = nil, &block)
  if attributes.is_a?(Array)
    attributes.collect { |attr| build(attr, &block) }
  else
    new(attributes, &block)
  end
end

#create(attributes = nil, &block)

Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.

The attributes parameter can be either a ::Hash or an ::Array of Hashes. These Hashes describe the attributes on the objects that are to be created.

Examples

# Create a single new object
User.create(first_name: 'Jamie')

# Create an Array of new objects
User.create([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }])

# Create a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
User.create(first_name: 'Jamie') do |u|
  u.is_admin = false
end

# Creating an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
User.create([{ first_name: 'Jamie' }, { first_name: 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
  u.is_admin = false
end

[ GitHub ]

# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 33


def create(attributes = nil, &block)
  if attributes.is_a?(Array)
    attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
  else
    object = new(attributes, &block)
    object.save
    object
  end
end

#create!(attributes = nil, &block)

Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. Raises a ::ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid error if validations fail, unlike Base#create.

The attributes parameter can be either a ::Hash or an ::Array of Hashes. These describe which attributes to be created on the object, or multiple objects when given an ::Array of Hashes.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 50


def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
  if attributes.is_a?(Array)
    attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
  else
    object = new(attributes, &block)
    object.save!
    object
  end
end

#instantiate(attributes, column_types = {}, &block)

Given an attributes hash, instantiate returns a new instance of the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.

For example, Post.all may return Comments, Messages, and Emails by storing the record’s subclass in a type attribute. By calling instantiate instead of new, finder methods ensure they get new instances of the appropriate class for each record.

See ActiveRecord::Inheritance#discriminate_class_for_record to see how this “single-table” inheritance mapping is implemented.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 100


def instantiate(attributes, column_types = {}, &block)
  klass = discriminate_class_for_record(attributes)
  instantiate_instance_of(klass, attributes, column_types, &block)
end

#query_constraints(*columns_list)

Accepts a list of attribute names to be used in the WHERE clause of SELECT / UPDATE / DELETE queries and in the ORDER BY clause for #first and #last finder methods.

class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
  query_constraints :company_id, :id
end

developer = Developer.first
# SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" ORDER BY "developers"."company_id" ASC, "developers"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
developer.inspect # => #<Developer id: 1, company_id: 1, ...>

developer.update!(name: "Nikita")
# UPDATE "developers" SET "name" = 'Nikita' WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1

# It is possible to update an attribute used in the query_constraints clause:
developer.update!(company_id: 2)
# UPDATE "developers" SET "company_id" = 2 WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1

developer.name = "Bob"
developer.save!
# UPDATE "developers" SET "name" = 'Bob' WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1

developer.destroy!
# DELETE FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1

developer.delete
# DELETE FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1

developer.reload
# SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."company_id" = 1 AND "developers"."id" = 1 LIMIT 1

Raises:

(ArgumentError)

[ GitHub ]

# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 212


def query_constraints(*columns_list)
  raise ArgumentError, "You must specify at least one column to be used in querying" if columns_list.empty?

  @query_constraints_list = columns_list.map(&:to_s)
  @has_query_constraints = @query_constraints_list
end

#update(id = :all, attributes)

Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.

Parameters

id - This should be the id or an array of ids to be updated. Optional argument, defaults to all records in the relation.
attributes - This should be a hash of attributes or an array of hashes.

Examples

# Updates one record
Person.update(15, user_name: "Samuel", group: "expert")

# Updates multiple records
people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy" } }
Person.update(people.keys, people.values)

# Updates multiple records from the result of a relation
people = Person.where(group: "expert")
people.update(group: "masters")

Note: Updating a large number of records will run an UPDATE query for each record, which may cause a performance issue. When running callbacks is not needed for each record update, it is preferred to use update_all for updating all records in a single query.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 132


def update(id = :all, attributes)
  if id.is_a?(Array)
    if id.any?(ActiveRecord::Base)
      raise ArgumentError,
        "You are passing an array of ActiveRecord::Base instances to `update`. " \
        "Please pass the ids of the objects by calling `pluck(:id)` or `map(&:id)`."
    end
    id.map { |one_id| find(one_id) }.each_with_index { |object, idx|
      object.update(attributes[idx])
    }
  elsif id == :all
    all.each { |record| record.update(attributes) }
  else
    if ActiveRecord::Base === id
      raise ArgumentError,
        "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `update`. " \
        "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`."
    end
    object = find(id)
    object.update(attributes)
    object
  end
end

#update!(id = :all, attributes)

Updates the object (or multiple objects) just like #update but calls #update! instead of #update, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid and saving will fail.

[ GitHub ]

# File 'activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb', line 158


def update!(id = :all, attributes)
  if id.is_a?(Array)
    if id.any?(ActiveRecord::Base)
      raise ArgumentError,
        "You are passing an array of ActiveRecord::Base instances to `update!`. " \
        "Please pass the ids of the objects by calling `pluck(:id)` or `map(&:id)`."
    end
    id.map { |one_id| find(one_id) }.each_with_index { |object, idx|
      object.update!(attributes[idx])
    }
  elsif id == :all
    all.each { |record| record.update!(attributes) }
  else
    if ActiveRecord::Base === id
      raise ArgumentError,
        "You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `update!`. " \
        "Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`."
    end
    object = find(id)
    object.update!(attributes)
    object
  end
end