Module: ActiveRecord::FinderMethods

Find the fifth record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.fifth # returns the fifth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).fifth # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 7)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fifth

Same as #fifth but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found.

Find by id - This can either be a specific id (ID), a list of ids (ID, ID, ID), or an array of ids ([ID, ID, ID]). ID refers to an “identifier”. For models with a single-column primary key, ID will be a single value, and for models with a composite primary key, it will be an array of values. If one or more records cannot be found for the requested ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments by using to_i.

Person.find(1)          # returns the object for ID = 1
Person.find("1")        # returns the object for ID = 1
Person.find("31-sarah") # returns the object for ID = 31
Person.find(1, 2, 6)    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
Person.find([7, 17])    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17), or with composite primary key [7, 17]
Person.find([1])        # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)

Find a record for a composite primary key model

TravelRoute.primary_key = [:origin, :destination]

TravelRoute.find(["Ottawa", "London"])
#=> #<TravelRoute origin: "Ottawa", destination: "London">

TravelRoute.find([["Paris", "Montreal"]])
#=> [#<TravelRoute origin: "Paris", destination: "Montreal">]

TravelRoute.find(["New York", "Las Vegas"], ["New York", "Portland"])
#=> [
     #<TravelRoute origin: "New York", destination: "Las Vegas">,
     #<TravelRoute origin: "New York", destination: "Portland">
   ]

TravelRoute.find([["Berlin", "London"], ["Barcelona", "Lisbon"]])
#=> [
     #<TravelRoute origin: "Berlin", destination: "London">,
     #<TravelRoute origin: "Barcelona", destination: "Lisbon">
   ]

NOTE: The returned records are in the same order as the ids you provide. If you want the results to be sorted by database, you can use QueryMethods#where method and provide an explicit QueryMethods#order option. But QueryMethods#where method doesn’t raise RecordNotFound.

Find with lock

Example for find with a lock: Imagine two concurrent transactions: each will read person.visits == 2, add 1 to it, and save, resulting in two saves of person.visits = 3. By locking the row, the second transaction has to wait until the first is finished; we get the expected person.visits == 4.

Person.transaction do
  person = Person.lock(true).find(1)
  person.visits += 1
  person.save!
end

Variations of #find

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns a chainable list (which can be empty).

Person.find_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns the first item or nil.

Person.find_or_initialize_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns the first item or returns a new instance (requires you call .save to persist against the database).

Person.find_or_create_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
# returns the first item or creates it and returns it.

Alternatives for #find

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).exists?(conditions = :none)
# returns a boolean indicating if any record with the given conditions exist.

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).select("field1, field2, field3")
# returns a chainable list of instances with only the mentioned fields.

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).ids
# returns an Array of ids.

Person.where(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4).pluck(:field1, :field2)
# returns an Array of the required fields.

Edge Cases

Person.find(37)          # raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception if the record with the given ID does not exist.
Person.find([37])        # raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception if the record with the given ID in the input array does not exist.
Person.find(nil)         # raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception if the argument is nil.
Person.find([])          # returns an empty array if the argument is an empty array.
Person.find              # raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception if the argument is not provided.

Finds the first record matching the specified conditions. There is no implied ordering so if order matters, you should specify it yourself.

If no record is found, returns nil.

Post.find_by name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4
Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago

Like #find_by, except that if no record is found, raises an RecordNotFound error.

Finds the sole matching record. Raises RecordNotFound if no record is found. Raises SoleRecordExceeded if more than one record is found.

Product.find_sole_by(["price = %?", price])

Find the first record (or first N records if a parameter is supplied). If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.first # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 1
Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).first
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).first
Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).first
Person.first(3) # returns the first three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people ORDER BY people.id LIMIT 3

Same as #first but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found. Note that #first! accepts no arguments.

Find the forty-second record. Also known as accessing “the reddit”. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.forty_two # returns the forty-second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the forty-second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).forty_two

Same as #forty_two but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found.

Find the fourth record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.fourth # returns the fourth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).fourth # returns the fourth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 6)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fourth

Same as #fourth but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found.

Returns true if the relation contains the given record or false otherwise.

No query is performed if the relation is loaded; the given record is compared to the records in memory. If the relation is unloaded, an efficient existence query is performed, as in #exists?.

Find the last record (or last N records if a parameter is supplied). If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.last # returns the last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.where(["user_name = ?", user_name]).last
Person.order("created_on DESC").offset(5).last
Person.last(3) # returns the last three objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people.

Take note that in that last case, the results are sorted in ascending order:

[#<Person id:2>, #<Person id:3>, #<Person id:4>]

and not:

[#<Person id:4>, #<Person id:3>, #<Person id:2>]

Same as #last but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found. Note that #last! accepts no arguments.

Alias for #include?.

Find the second record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.second # returns the second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).second # returns the second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 4)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second

Same as #second but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found.

Find the second-to-last record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.second_to_last # returns the second-to-last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).second_to_last # returns the second-to-last object from OFFSET 3
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second_to_last

Same as #second_to_last but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found.

Finds the sole matching record. Raises RecordNotFound if no record is found. Raises SoleRecordExceeded if more than one record is found.

Product.where(["price = %?", price]).sole

Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) without any implied order. The order will depend on the database implementation. If an order is supplied it will be respected.

Person.take # returns an object fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 1
Person.take(5) # returns 5 objects fetched by SELECT * FROM people LIMIT 5
Person.where(["name LIKE '%?'", name]).take

Same as #take but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found. Note that #take! accepts no arguments.

Find the third record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.third # returns the third object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).third # returns the third object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 5)
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third

Same as #third but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found.

Find the third-to-last record. If no order is defined it will order by primary key.

Person.third_to_last # returns the third-to-last object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
Person.offset(3).third_to_last # returns the third-to-last object from OFFSET 3
Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third_to_last

Same as #third_to_last but raises RecordNotFound if no record is found.