Module: ERB::Util

A utility method for escaping HTML tag characters. This method is also aliased as h.

puts html_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
# => is a &gt; 0 &amp; a &lt; 10?

A utility method for escaping HTML without affecting existing escaped entities.

html_escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
# => "1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3"

html_escape_once('&lt;&lt; Accept & Checkout')
# => "&lt;&lt; Accept &amp; Checkout"

A utility method for escaping HTML entities in JSON strings. Specifically, the &, > and < characters are replaced with their equivalent unicode escaped form - u0026, u003e, and u003c. The Unicode sequences u2028 and u2029 are also escaped as they are treated as newline characters in some JavaScript engines. These sequences have identical meaning as the original characters inside the context of a JSON string, so assuming the input is a valid and well-formed JSON value, the output will have equivalent meaning when parsed:

json = JSON.generate({ name: "</script><script>alert('PWNED!!!')</script>"})
# => "{\"name\":\"</script><script>alert('PWNED!!!')</script>\"}"

json_escape(json)
# => "{\"name\":\"\\u003C/script\\u003E\\u003Cscript\\u003Ealert('PWNED!!!')\\u003C/script\\u003E\"}"

JSON.parse(json) == JSON.parse(json_escape(json))
# => true

The intended use case for this method is to escape JSON strings before including them inside a script tag to avoid XSS vulnerability:

<script>
  var currentUser = <%= raw json_escape(current_user.to_json) %>;
</script>

It is necessary to raw the result of json_escape, so that quotation marks don’t get converted to " entities. json_escape doesn’t automatically flag the result as HTML safe, since the raw value is unsafe to use inside HTML attributes.

If your JSON is being used downstream for insertion into the DOM, be aware of whether or not it is being inserted via html(). Most jQuery plugins do this. If that is the case, be sure to .html_escape or sanitize any user-generated content returned by your JSON.

If you need to output JSON elsewhere in your HTML, you can just do something like this, as any unsafe characters (including quotation marks) will be automatically escaped for you:

<div data-user-info="<%= current_user.to_json %>">...</div>

WARNING: this helper only works with valid JSON. Using this on non-JSON values will open up serious XSS vulnerabilities. For example, if you replace the current_user.to_json in the example above with user input instead, the browser will happily eval() that string as JavaScript.

The escaping performed in this method is identical to those performed in the Active Support JSON encoder when ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json is set to true. Because this transformation is idempotent, this helper can be applied even if ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json is already true.

Therefore, when you are unsure if ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json is enabled, or if you are unsure where your JSON string originated from, it is recommended that you always apply this helper (other libraries, such as the JSON gem, do not provide this kind of protection by default; also some gems might override to_json to bypass Active Support’s encoder).

A utility method for escaping XML names of tags and names of attributes.

xml_name_escape('1 < 2 & 3')
# => "1___2___3"

It follows the requirements of the specification: www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#NT-Name