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Caching with Rails: An overview

This guide will teach you what you need to know about avoiding that expensive round-trip to your database and returning what you need to return to the web clients in the shortest time possible.

After reading this guide, you will know:

Basic Caching

This is an introduction to three types of caching techniques: page, action and fragment caching. Rails provides by default fragment caching. In order to use page and action caching, you will need to add actionpack-page_caching and actionpack-action_caching to your Gemfile.

To start playing with caching you'll want to ensure that config.action_controller.perform_caching is set to true, if you're running in development mode. This flag is normally set in the corresponding config/environments/*.rb and caching is disabled by default for development and test, and enabled for production.

config.action_controller.perform_caching = true

Page Caching

Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.

INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the actionpack-page_caching gem. See DHH's key-based cache expiration overview for the newly-preferred method.

Action Caching

Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.

INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the actionpack-action_caching gem. See DHH's key-based cache expiration overview for the newly-preferred method.

Fragment Caching

Life would be perfect if we could get away with caching the entire contents of a page or action and serving it out to the world. Unfortunately, dynamic web applications usually build pages with a variety of components not all of which have the same caching characteristics. In order to address such a dynamically created page where different parts of the page need to be cached and expired differently, Rails provides a mechanism called Fragment Caching.

Fragment Caching allows a fragment of view logic to be wrapped in a cache block and served out of the cache store when the next request comes in.

As an example, if you wanted to show all the orders placed on your website in real time and didn't want to cache that part of the page, but did want to cache the part of the page which lists all products available, you could use this piece of code:

<% Order.find_recent.each do |o| %>
  <%= o.buyer.name %> bought <%= o.product.name %>
<% end %>

<% cache do %>
  All available products:
  <% Product.all.each do |p| %>
    <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

The cache block in our example will bind to the action that called it and is written out to the same place as the Action Cache, which means that if you want to cache multiple fragments per action, you should provide an action_suffix to the cache call:

<% cache(action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products') do %>
  All available products:

and you can expire it using the expire_fragment method, like so:

expire_fragment(controller: 'products', action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products')

If you don't want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, you can also use globally keyed fragments by calling the cache method with a key:

<% cache('all_available_products') do %>
  All available products:
<% end %>

This fragment is then available to all actions in the ProductsController using the key and can be expired the same way:

expire_fragment('all_available_products')

If you want to avoid expiring the fragment manually, whenever an action updates a product, you can define a helper method:

module ProductsHelper
  def cache_key_for_products
    count          = Product.count
    max_updated_at = Product.maximum(:updated_at).try(:utc).try(:to_s, :number)
    "products/all-#{count}-#{max_updated_at}"
  end
end

This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used in the view:

<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %>
  All available products:
<% end %>

If you want to cache a fragment under certain condition you can use cache_if or cache_unless

<% cache_if (condition, cache_key_for_products) do %>
  All available products:
<% end %>

You can also use an Active Record model as the cache key:

<% Product.all.each do |p| %>
  <% cache(p) do %>
    <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

Behind the scenes, a method called cache_key will be invoked on the model and it returns a string like products/23-20130109142513. The cache key includes the model name, the id and finally the updated_at timestamp. Thus it will automatically generate a new fragment when the product is updated because the key changes.

You can also combine the two schemes which is called "Russian Doll Caching":

<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %>
  All available products:
  <% Product.all.each do |p| %>
    <% cache(p) do %>
      <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %>
    <% end %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

It's called "Russian Doll Caching" because it nests multiple fragments. The advantage is that if a single product is updated, all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer fragment.

Low-Level Caching

Sometimes you need to cache a particular value or query result, instead of caching view fragments. Rails caching mechanism works great for storing any kind of information.

The most efficient way to implement low-level caching is using the Rails.cache.fetch method. This method does both reading and writing to the cache. When passed only a single argument, the key is fetched and value from the cache is returned. If a block is passed, the result of the block will be cached to the given key and the result is returned.

Consider the following example. An application has a Product model with an instance method that looks up the product’s price on a competing website. The data returned by this method would be perfect for low-level caching:

class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
  def competing_price
    Rails.cache.fetch("#{cache_key}/competing_price", expires_in: 12.hours) do
      Competitor::API.find_price(id)
    end
  end
end

NOTE: Notice that in this example we used cache_key method, so the resulting cache-key will be something like products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price. cache_key generates a string based on the model’s id and updated_at attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key.

SQL Caching

Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again.

For example:

class ProductsController < ApplicationController

  def index
    # Run a find query
    @products = Product.all

    #...

    # Run the same query again
    @products = Product.all
  end

end

Cache Stores

Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by action and fragment caches.

TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk.

Configuration

You can set up your application's default cache store by calling config.cache_store= in the Application definition inside your config/application.rb file or in an Application.configure block in an environment specific configuration file (i.e. config/environments/*.rb). The first argument will be the cache store to use and the rest of the argument will be passed as arguments to the cache store constructor.

config.cache_store = :memory_store

NOTE: Alternatively, you can call ActionController::Base.cache_store outside of a configuration block.

You can access the cache by calling Rails.cache.

ActiveSupport::Cache::Store

This class provides the foundation for interacting with the cache in Rails. This is an abstract class and you cannot use it on its own. Rather you must use a concrete implementation of the class tied to a storage engine. Rails ships with several implementations documented below.

The main methods to call are read, write, delete, exist?, and fetch. The fetch method takes a block and will either return an existing value from the cache, or evaluate the block and write the result to the cache if no value exists.

There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be passed to the constructor or the various methods to interact with entries.

ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore

This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache store has a bounded size specified by the :size options to the initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed.

config.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 64.megabytes }

If you're running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case if you're using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server process instances won't be able to share cache data with each other. This cache store is not appropriate for large application deployments, but can work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes or for development and test environments.

ActiveSupport::Cache::FileStore

This cache store uses the file system to store entries. The path to the directory where the store files will be stored must be specified when initializing the cache.

config.cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory"

With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a cache. Servers processes running on different hosts could share a cache by using a shared file system, but that set up would not be ideal and is not recommended. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are served off one or two hosts.

Note that the cache will grow until the disk is full unless you periodically clear out old entries.

This is the default cache store implementation.

ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore

This cache store uses Danga's memcached server to provide a centralized cache for your application. Rails uses the bundled dalli gem by default. This is currently the most popular cache store for production websites. It can be used to provide a single, shared cache cluster with very high performance and redundancy.

When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all memcached servers in your cluster. If none is specified, it will assume memcached is running on the local host on the default port, but this is not an ideal set up for larger sites.

The write and fetch methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify :raw to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operation like increment and decrement only on raw values. You can also specify :unless_exist if you don't want memcached to overwrite an existing entry.

config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com"

ActiveSupport::Cache::EhcacheStore

If you are using JRuby you can use Terracotta's Ehcache as the cache store for your application. Ehcache is an open source Java cache that also offers an enterprise version with increased scalability, management, and commercial support. You must first install the jruby-ehcache-rails3 gem (version 1.1.0 or later) to use this cache store.

config.cache_store = :ehcache_store

When initializing the cache, you may use the :ehcache_config option to specify the Ehcache config file to use (where the default is "ehcache.xml" in your Rails config directory), and the :cache_name option to provide a custom name for your cache (the default is rails_cache).

In addition to the standard :expires_in option, the write method on this cache can also accept the additional :unless_exist option, which will cause the cache store to use Ehcache's putIfAbsent method instead of put, and therefore will not overwrite an existing entry. Additionally, the write method supports all of the properties exposed by the Ehcache Element class , including:

Property Argument Type Description
elementEvictionData ElementEvictionData Sets this element's eviction data instance.
eternal boolean Sets whether the element is eternal.
timeToIdle, tti int Sets time to idle
timeToLive, ttl, expires_in int Sets time to Live
version long Sets the version attribute of the ElementAttributes object.

These options are passed to the write method as Hash options using either camelCase or underscore notation, as in the following examples:

Rails.cache.write('key', 'value', time_to_idle: 60.seconds, timeToLive: 600.seconds)
caches_action :index, expires_in: 60.seconds, unless_exist: true

For more information about Ehcache, see http://ehcache.org/ . For more information about Ehcache for JRuby and Rails, see http://ehcache.org/documentation/jruby.html

ActiveSupport::Cache::NullStore

This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with Rails.cache, but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all fetch and read operations will result in a miss.

config.cache_store = :null_store

Custom Cache Stores

You can create your own custom cache store by simply extending ::ActiveSupport::Cache::Store and implementing the appropriate methods. In this way, you can swap in any number of caching technologies into your Rails application.

To use a custom cache store, simple set the cache store to a new instance of the class.

config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new

Cache Keys

The keys used in a cache can be any object that responds to either :cache_key or to :to_param. You can implement the :cache_key method on your classes if you need to generate custom keys. Active Record will generate keys based on the class name and record id.

You can use Hashes and Arrays of values as cache keys.

# This is a legal cache key
Rails.cache.read(site: "mysite", owners: [owner_1, owner_2])

The keys you use on Rails.cache will not be the same as those actually used with the storage engine. They may be modified with a namespace or altered to fit technology backend constraints. This means, for instance, that you can't save values with Rails.cache and then try to pull them out with the memcache-client gem. However, you also don't need to worry about exceeding the memcached size limit or violating syntax rules.

Conditional GET support

Conditional GETs are a feature of the HTTP specification that provide a way for web servers to tell browsers that the response to a GET request hasn't changed since the last request and can be safely pulled from the browser cache.

They work by using the HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH and HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE headers to pass back and forth both a unique content identifier and the timestamp of when the content was last changed. If the browser makes a request where the content identifier (etag) or last modified since timestamp matches the server's version then the server only needs to send back an empty response with a not modified status.

It is the server's (i.e. our) responsibility to look for a last modified timestamp and the if-none-match header and determine whether or not to send back the full response. With conditional-get support in Rails this is a pretty easy task:

class ProductsController < ApplicationController

  def show
    @product = Product.find(params[:id])

    # If the request is stale according to the given timestamp and etag value
    # (i.e. it needs to be processed again) then execute this block
    if stale?(last_modified: @product.updated_at.utc, etag: @product.cache_key)
      respond_to do |wants|
        # ... normal response processing
      end
    end

    # If the request is fresh (i.e. it's not modified) then you don't need to do
    # anything. The default render checks for this using the parameters
    # used in the previous call to stale? and will automatically send a
    # :not_modified. So that's it, you're done.
  end
end

Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use the updated_at and cache_key methods for setting last_modified and etag:

class ProductsController < ApplicationController
  def show
    @product = Product.find(params[:id])

    if stale?(@product)
      respond_to do |wants|
        # ... normal response processing
      end
    end
  end
end

If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using respond_to or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in fresh_when:

class ProductsController < ApplicationController

  # This will automatically send back a :not_modified if the request is fresh,
  # and will render the default template (product.*) if it's stale.

  def show
    @product = Product.find(params[:id])
    fresh_when last_modified: @product.published_at.utc, etag: @product
  end
end